BACKGROUND: The adequacy of the World Health Organization's syndromic approach for the diagnosis and management of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), especially at primary health centers (PHCs) and at other levels, is still debatable in different settings in India and requires validation. OBJECTIVES: A cross-sectional study was carried out in women attending the peripheral government clinics of Delhi in order to (1) enumerate their self-reported reproductive tract infection (RTI)/sexually transmitted infection (STI) symptoms; (2) assess their clinical status; (3) determine the syndromic diagnosis of RTI/STI in symptomatic women and etiological diagnosis in both symptomatic and asymptomatic women; and (4) compare the level of agreement between self-reporting of morbidity and syndromic and etiological diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted over 26 months in 4090 women attending peripheral government healthcare centers, both rural and urban, in four zones of Delhi. They were recruited into four different study groups: group I, non-pregnant, reporting with symptoms of RTI/STI; group II, with a bad obstetric history or infertility; group III, pregnant women in any trimester attending the antenatal clinic; and group IV, the control group. Gynecological examination, followed by the collection of genital specimens and blood, were performed after informed and written consent was obtained. Every symptomatic patient was managed on the basis of algorithms of the syndromic approach as recommended by the National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO), India. All specimens were transported to the STD Reference Laboratory, Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi and processed by standard methods to diagnose the various STDs. Laboratory reports were sent to the clinicians and appropriate treatment was instituted. Data were analyzed by applying statistical methods. RESULTS: Overall, self-reporting of morbidity was 65.0%. However, the percentage of women with some STD-related syndrome was 71.4%. The rural women were observed to have significantly more STD syndromes than their urban counterparts. The etiological diagnosis could be established in only 32.2% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the wide variation between self-reporting of morbidity and syndromic- and etiology-based diagnosis in women from both rural and urban settings. This has implications for the syndromic approach to STI case management. These observations call for a review of the diagnostic policy for RTIs/STIs by national authorities in order to avoid the overuse of antimicrobials. The study also highlights the need for the introduction and/or strengthening of facilities for simple diagnostic tests for RTIs/STIs, especially at the peripheral healthcare level.
BACKGROUND: The adequacy of the World Health Organization's syndromic approach for the diagnosis and management of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), especially at primary health centers (PHCs) and at other levels, is still debatable in different settings in India and requires validation. OBJECTIVES: A cross-sectional study was carried out in women attending the peripheral government clinics of Delhi in order to (1) enumerate their self-reported reproductive tract infection (RTI)/sexually transmitted infection (STI) symptoms; (2) assess their clinical status; (3) determine the syndromic diagnosis of RTI/STI in symptomatic women and etiological diagnosis in both symptomatic and asymptomatic women; and (4) compare the level of agreement between self-reporting of morbidity and syndromic and etiological diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted over 26 months in 4090 women attending peripheral government healthcare centers, both rural and urban, in four zones of Delhi. They were recruited into four different study groups: group I, non-pregnant, reporting with symptoms of RTI/STI; group II, with a bad obstetric history or infertility; group III, pregnant women in any trimester attending the antenatal clinic; and group IV, the control group. Gynecological examination, followed by the collection of genital specimens and blood, were performed after informed and written consent was obtained. Every symptomatic patient was managed on the basis of algorithms of the syndromic approach as recommended by the National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO), India. All specimens were transported to the STD Reference Laboratory, Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi and processed by standard methods to diagnose the various STDs. Laboratory reports were sent to the clinicians and appropriate treatment was instituted. Data were analyzed by applying statistical methods. RESULTS: Overall, self-reporting of morbidity was 65.0%. However, the percentage of women with some STD-related syndrome was 71.4%. The rural women were observed to have significantly more STD syndromes than their urban counterparts. The etiological diagnosis could be established in only 32.2% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the wide variation between self-reporting of morbidity and syndromic- and etiology-based diagnosis in women from both rural and urban settings. This has implications for the syndromic approach to STI case management. These observations call for a review of the diagnostic policy for RTIs/STIs by national authorities in order to avoid the overuse of antimicrobials. The study also highlights the need for the introduction and/or strengthening of facilities for simple diagnostic tests for RTIs/STIs, especially at the peripheral healthcare level.
Authors: Neha S Shah; Evelyn Kim; Flor de Maria Hernández Ayala; Maria Elena Guardado Escobar; Ana Isabel Nieto; Andrea A Kim; Gabriela Paz-Bailey Journal: Int J STD AIDS Date: 2014-03-10 Impact factor: 1.359
Authors: Z Mike Chirenje; Nicholas Dhibi; H Hunter Handsfield; Elizabeth Gonese; Beth Tippett Barr; Lovemore Gwanzura; Ahmed S Latif; Dumisili Venessa Maseko; Ranmini S Kularatne; Mufuta Tshimanga; Peter H Kilmarx; Anna Machiha; Owen Mugurungi; Cornelis A Rietmeijer Journal: Sex Transm Dis Date: 2018-06 Impact factor: 2.830
Authors: Jesse L Clark; Andres G Lescano; Kelika A Konda; Segundo R Leon; Franca R Jones; Jeffrey D Klausner; Thomas J Coates; Carlos F Caceres Journal: PLoS One Date: 2009-09-25 Impact factor: 3.240