Estimating amounts of iron oxide from gradient echo images.

Rat legs directly injected with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) were studied by dual-echo, gradient-echo imaging. The amount of iron injected was estimated using a point dipole model for the SPIO injection site. Saturation magnetization of 6:1 PEG/amino modified silane-coated iron oxide particles with 5- to 6-nm core and 20-25 hydrodynamic diameter was approximately 110 emu/g of iron. Estimates of the amount of iron injected made from signal void volumes surrounding SPIO centers yielded erroneous results varying with sample orientation in the scanner and echo time (TE). For example, a 10 microL, 3-microg iron injection produced signal void volumes of 80 and 210 microL at TE of 9.8 and 25 ms, respectively, giving apparent iron contents of 6 +/- 1 and 10 +/- 2 microg respectively. A more effective approach uses the phase difference between two gradient recalled echo images. To estimate iron content, this approach fits the expected (3 cos(2)theta - 1)/(/r/3) spatial phase distribution to the observed phase differences. Extraneous phase effects made fitting phase at a single TE ineffective. With the dual echo method, 18 independent estimates were 2.48 +/- 0.26 microg std, independently of sample orientation. Estimates in empty control regions were -90 and -140 ng. A 1-microg injection indicated 0.5, 1.2, and 1.2 microg. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.