Embryonic stem cells in cardiac repair and regeneration.

Cell transplantation is a subject of fast-growing research with a potential of a therapeutic approach for the treatment of heart diseases. Clinical applications require preparation of large number of donor cells. Stem cell studies published to date demonstrate that scientists have not reached the general consensus to use an optimal cell type for better cardiac repair and regeneration. We used embryonic stem (ES) cells and their released factors for cardiac repair and regeneration. The major concern of cardiac regeneration with stem cells includes engraftment, differentiation, and teratoma formation after ES cell transplantation. Our current knowledge of ES cell transplantation in the heart is very limited. This review discusses the use of various growth factors to enhance ES cells engraftment and differentiation, as well as the issue of teratoma formation.