HacA-dependent transcriptional switch releases hacA mRNA from a translational block upon endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in eukaryotes involves the splicing of an unconventional intron from the mRNA encoding the transcriptional activator of the pathway. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae a 252-nucleotide (nt) unconventional intron is spliced out of the transcript of HAC1, changing the 3' end of the HAC1 open reading frame and relieving the transcript from a translational block in a single step. The translational block is caused by the base pairing of part of the unconventional intron with the 5'-untranslated region (5'UTR). In Aspergillus niger and other aspergilli, the unconventional intron in hacA mRNA is only 20 nt long. Since this intron is part of a stable stem-loop structure, base pairing with the 5'UTR, in contrast to the case with yeast HAC1, is not possible. However, analysis of the hacA mRNA revealed a GC-rich inverted repeat (18 base pairings). Upon the activation of the UPR, the 5'UTR of hacA mRNA is truncated by 230 nt, removing the left part of this inverted repeat. This implies a similar release of a translational block as in the case of S. cerevisiae HAC1 but in two steps. The mechanism behind the 5' truncation, which does not take place in either yeast HAC1 or mammalian xbp1 mRNA, has been hitherto unknown. Here we show that during secretion stress in A. niger, hacA transcription starts from a new start site closer to the ATG, relieving the transcript from translational attenuation. This transcriptional switch is mediated by HacA itself and the unfolded protein response element 2 (UPRE2) in the hacA promoter.