BACKGROUND: Fetal growth is highly socially patterned and is related to health across the life course, but how the social patterns of fetal growth change over time remains understudied. The time trends in maternal social disadvantage in relation to fetal growth were examined in the context of a universal welfare state under changing macroeconomic conditions over a 24-year period. METHODS: All births in Denmark from 1981 to 2004 were included, and the association between maternal social disadvantage and birthweight was examined for gestational age z-scores over time using linear regression. RESULTS: All measures of social disadvantage were associated with decreased fetal growth (p<0.001), but with considerable differences in the magnitude of the associations. The association was strongest for non-Western ethnicity (-0.28 z-score), low education (-0.19), teenage motherhood (-0.14), single motherhood (-0.13) and poverty (-0.12) and weakest for unemployment (-0.04). The deficit in fetal growth increased over time for all associations except for unemployment. Also, the measures of social adversity increasingly clustered within individuals over time. CONCLUSION: Maternal social disadvantage is associated with decreased fetal growth in a welfare state. Social disadvantage is increasingly clustered so that fewer pregnancies are exposed, but those exposed suffer a greater disadvantage in fetal growth. The economic upturn in the last decade did not appear to weaken the association between maternal social disadvantage and decreased fetal growth.
BACKGROUND: Fetal growth is highly socially patterned and is related to health across the life course, but how the social patterns of fetal growth change over time remains understudied. The time trends in maternal social disadvantage in relation to fetal growth were examined in the context of a universal welfare state under changing macroeconomic conditions over a 24-year period. METHODS: All births in Denmark from 1981 to 2004 were included, and the association between maternal social disadvantage and birthweight was examined for gestational age z-scores over time using linear regression. RESULTS: All measures of social disadvantage were associated with decreased fetal growth (p<0.001), but with considerable differences in the magnitude of the associations. The association was strongest for non-Western ethnicity (-0.28 z-score), low education (-0.19), teenage motherhood (-0.14), single motherhood (-0.13) and poverty (-0.12) and weakest for unemployment (-0.04). The deficit in fetal growth increased over time for all associations except for unemployment. Also, the measures of social adversity increasingly clustered within individuals over time. CONCLUSION: Maternal social disadvantage is associated with decreased fetal growth in a welfare state. Social disadvantage is increasingly clustered so that fewer pregnancies are exposed, but those exposed suffer a greater disadvantage in fetal growth. The economic upturn in the last decade did not appear to weaken the association between maternal social disadvantage and decreased fetal growth.
Authors: María Emilia Solano; Mirka Katharina Kowal; Greta Eugenia O'Rourke; Andrea Kristina Horst; Kathrin Modest; Torsten Plösch; Roja Barikbin; Chressen Catharina Remus; Robert G Berger; Caitlin Jago; Hoang Ho; Gabriele Sass; Victoria J Parker; John P Lydon; Francesco J DeMayo; Kurt Hecher; Khalil Karimi; Petra Clara Arck Journal: J Clin Invest Date: 2015-03-16 Impact factor: 14.808
Authors: Charlotte Overgaard; Anna Margrethe Møller; Morten Fenger-Grøn; Lisbeth B Knudsen; Jane Sandall Journal: BMJ Open Date: 2011-01-01 Impact factor: 2.692
Authors: Svetlana V Glinianaia; Rakesh Ghosh; Judith Rankin; Mark S Pearce; Louise Parker; Tanja Pless-Mulloli Journal: BMC Public Health Date: 2013-04-15 Impact factor: 3.295