Transversely isotropic distribution of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in human medial collateral ligament: a quantitative analysis.

Decorin and its associated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chain, dermatan sulfate (DS), play diverse roles in soft tissue formation and potentially aid in the mechanical integrity of the tissue. Deeper understanding of the distribution and orientation of the GAGs on a microscopic level may help elucidate the structure/function relationship of these important molecules. The hypothesis of the present study was that sulfated GAGs are aligned with transversely isotropic material symmetry in human medial collateral ligament (MCL) with the collagen acting as the axis of symmetry. To test the hypothesis, sulfated GAGs were visualized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Three orthogonal anatomical planes were examined to evaluate GAG distributions against symmetry criteria. GAG populations were differentiated using targeted enzyme digestion. Results suggest that sulfated GAGs including DS, chondroitin sulfates A and C, as well as other sub-populations assume transversely isotropic distributions in human MCL. Sulfated GAGs in the plane normal to the collagen axis were found to be isotropic with no preferred orientation. GAGs in the two planes along the collagen axis did not statistically differ and exhibited apparent bimodal distributions, favoring orthogonal distributions with over half at other angles with respect to collagen. A previously developed model, GAGSim3D, was used to interpret potential TEM artifacts. The data collected herein provide refined inputs to micro-scale models of the structure/function relationship of sulfated GAGs in soft tissues.