Cortical hyperexcitability and epileptogenesis: understanding the mechanisms of epilepsy - part 1.

Epilepsy encompasses a diverse group of seizure disorders caused by a variety of structural, cellular and molecular alterations of the brain primarily affecting the cerebral cortex, leading to recurrent unprovoked epileptic seizures. In this two-part review we examine the mechanisms underlying normal neuronal function and those predisposing to recurrent epileptic seizures starting at the most basic cellular derangements (Part 1) and working up to the highly complex epileptic networks (Part 2). We attempt to show that multiple factors can modify the epileptic process and that different mechanisms underlie different types of epilepsy, and in most situations there is an interplay between multiple genetic and environmental factors.