Bela I Kudish1, Cheryl B Iglesia, Robert J Sokol, Barbara Cochrane, Holly E Richter, Joseph Larson, Susan L Hendrix, Barbara V Howard. 1. From the Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Urology, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC; the C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; the Department of Family and Child Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; the Division of Women's Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; the Clinical Coordinating Center, Women's Health Initiative, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; the College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University; East Lansing, Michigan; and MedStar Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between change in weight and pelvic organ prolapse (POP) progression/regression in women during a 5-year period. METHODS: Postmenopausal women with uteri (N=16,608), ages 50 to 79, who were enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Estrogen plus Progestin Clinical Trial between 1993 and 1998 were included in this secondary analysis. Baseline pelvic examination, repeated annually, assessed uterine prolapse, cystocele, and rectocele using the WHI Prolapse Classification System. Statistical analyses included univariate and multiple logistic regression methods. RESULTS: During the 5-year time period, the majority of women (9,251, 55.7%) gained weight (mean 4.43 kg, +/-5.95 kg), and the overall rate of prolapse (WHI Prolapse Classification System: grades 1-3) increased from 40.9% at baseline to 43.8% at year 5 of evaluation. Controlling for age, parity, race, and other health/physical variables, being overweight (body mass index [BMI] between 25 and 29.9) or obese (BMI of at least 30) at baseline was associated with progression in cystocele, rectocele, and uterine prolapse compared with women with healthy BMIs (BMI is calculated as weight (kg)/[height (m)]). Specifically, the risk of prolapse progression in overweight and obese women as compared with the participants with healthy BMIs increased by 32% and 48% for cystocele, by 37% and 58% for rectocele, and by 43% and 69% for uterine prolapse, respectively. Adjusting for women with prolapse at baseline and baseline BMI, a 10% weight change was associated with minimal change in overall POP. Specifically, a 10% weight loss was associated with a borderline worsening of uterine prolapse (odds ratio [OR] 0.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.88-0.97) and a minimal regression of cystocele (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.00-1.05) and rectocele (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01-1.07). CONCLUSION: Being overweight or obese is associated with progression of POP. Weight loss does not appear to be significantly associated with regression of POP, suggesting that damage to the pelvic floor related to weight gain might be irreversible. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between change in weight and pelvic organ prolapse (POP) progression/regression in women during a 5-year period. METHODS: Postmenopausal women with uteri (N=16,608), ages 50 to 79, who were enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Estrogen plus Progestin Clinical Trial between 1993 and 1998 were included in this secondary analysis. Baseline pelvic examination, repeated annually, assessed uterine prolapse, cystocele, and rectocele using the WHI Prolapse Classification System. Statistical analyses included univariate and multiple logistic regression methods. RESULTS: During the 5-year time period, the majority of women (9,251, 55.7%) gained weight (mean 4.43 kg, +/-5.95 kg), and the overall rate of prolapse (WHI Prolapse Classification System: grades 1-3) increased from 40.9% at baseline to 43.8% at year 5 of evaluation. Controlling for age, parity, race, and other health/physical variables, being overweight (body mass index [BMI] between 25 and 29.9) or obese (BMI of at least 30) at baseline was associated with progression in cystocele, rectocele, and uterine prolapse compared with women with healthy BMIs (BMI is calculated as weight (kg)/[height (m)]). Specifically, the risk of prolapse progression in overweight and obesewomen as compared with the participants with healthy BMIs increased by 32% and 48% for cystocele, by 37% and 58% for rectocele, and by 43% and 69% for uterine prolapse, respectively. Adjusting for women with prolapse at baseline and baseline BMI, a 10% weight change was associated with minimal change in overall POP. Specifically, a 10% weight loss was associated with a borderline worsening of uterine prolapse (odds ratio [OR] 0.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.88-0.97) and a minimal regression of cystocele (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.00-1.05) and rectocele (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01-1.07). CONCLUSION: Being overweight or obese is associated with progression of POP. Weight loss does not appear to be significantly associated with regression of POP, suggesting that damage to the pelvic floor related to weight gain might be irreversible. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.
Authors: R C Bump; A Mattiasson; K Bø; L P Brubaker; J O DeLancey; P Klarskov; B L Shull; A R Smith Journal: Am J Obstet Gynecol Date: 1996-07 Impact factor: 8.661
Authors: Cynthia L Ogden; Margaret D Carroll; Lester R Curtin; Margaret A McDowell; Carolyn J Tabak; Katherine M Flegal Journal: JAMA Date: 2006-04-05 Impact factor: 56.272
Authors: Marcia L Stefanick; Barbara B Cochrane; Judith Hsia; David H Barad; James H Liu; Susan R Johnson Journal: Ann Epidemiol Date: 2003-10 Impact factor: 3.797
Authors: Lubna Pal; Susan M Hailpern; Nanette F Santoro; Ruth Freeman; David Barad; Simon Kipersztok; Vanessa M Barnabei; Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller Journal: Menopause Date: 2011-09 Impact factor: 2.953
Authors: Tony Bazi; Satoru Takahashi; Sharif Ismail; Kari Bø; Alejandra M Ruiz-Zapata; Jonathan Duckett; Dorothy Kammerer-Doak Journal: Int Urogynecol J Date: 2016-03-12 Impact factor: 2.894