Effect of post-polymerization heat treatments on the cytotoxicity of two denture base acrylic resins.

INTRODUCTION: Most denture base acrylic resins have polymethylmethacrylate in their composition. Several authors have discussed the polymerization process involved in converting monomer into polymer because adequate polymerization is a crucial factor in optimizing the physical properties and biocompatibility of denture base acrylic resins. To ensure the safety of these materials, in vitro cytotoxicity assays have been developed as preliminary screening tests to evaluate material biocompatibility. (3)H-thymidine incorporation test, which measures the number of cells synthesizing DNA, is one of the biological assays suggested for cytotoxicity testing. AIM: The purpose of this study was to investigate, using (3)H-thymidine incorporation test, the effect of microwave and water-bath post-polymerization heat treatments on the cytotoxicity of two denture base acrylic resins.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine disc-shaped specimens (10 x 1 mm) of each denture base resin (Lucitone 550 and QC 20) were prepared according to the manufacturers' recommendations and stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 48 h. The specimens were assigned to 3 groups: 1) post-polymerization in a microwave oven for 3 min at 500 W; 2) post-polymerization in water-bath at 55 degrees C for 60 min; and 3) without post-polymerization. For preparation of eluates, 3 discs were placed into a sterile glass vial with 9 mL of Eagle's medium and incubated at 37 degrees C for 24 h. The cytotoxic effect of the eluates was evaluated by (3)H-thymidine incorporation.
RESULTS: The results showed that the components leached from the resins were cytotoxic to L929 cells, except for the specimens heat treated in water bath (p<0.05). Compared to the group with no heat treatment, water-bath decreased the cytotoxicity of the denture base acrylic resins.
CONCLUSION: The in vitro cytotoxicity of the tested denture base materials was not influenced by microwave post-polymerization heat treatment.

INTRODUCTION

Acrylic resin or polymethylmethacrylate has been used as a denture base material for over 60 years13. According to polymerization mode, acrylic resins may be classified as heat-polymerized, auto-polymerized, microwave-polymerized and visible light-cured. Heat-polymerized denture base resins may leach out residual monomers and other chemically reactive, toxic components that might cause adverse reactions in the oral mucosa adjacent to the dentures11. These responses have been attributed to residual methyl methacrylate monomer that may leach from denture base resins into saliva26. In addition, leaching of formaldehyde, methyl methacrylic acid and benzoic acid from dental acrylic resin materials has been detected19,25,30. Several methods for reducing the residual monomer contents and, consequently, the cytotoxicity of denture base resins have been described10. Blagojevic and Murphy2 reported that the residual monomer content of an autopolymerizing acrylic resin was reduced by nearly a quarter after microwaving. In addition, to minimize the amount of residual monomer released from denture following completion of polymerization, several authors have suggested that the prostheses should be stored in water prior to placement19,27. Tsuchiya, et al.30 observed that the preleaching in water for 60 min at 50oC reduced the subsequent release of methyl methacrylate and formaldehyde, which decreased their cytotoxic potential. However, different results were observed in a previous study in which the cytotoxicity of three denture base resins polymerized according to the manufacturers' instructions was not decreased by either water-bath or microwave post-polymerization treatments11. Depending on the polymerization temperature and time, variable amounts of residual monomer are left in the polymer6, leading to different degrees of cytotoxicity13. Thus, it is reasonable to imply that a correct choice of curing cycle and post-polymerization treatment could produce favorable results.

Testing of dental materials by using cell culture has been proven suitable as an alternative to controversial animal experiments and relatively simple to perform, reproducible and cost-effective19. Different parameters are used to monitor the cytotoxic effects of dental materials, such as inhibition of cell growth, cytolysis, membrane or cytoplasmic markers and changes in metabolic activity1. 3H-thymidine incorporation test, which measures the number of cells actively synthesizing DNA, is one of the biological assays suggested for cytotoxicity testing7,28. Although this technique has some disadvantages, including the need of expensive special equipment and production of radioactive waste, studies have shown that 3H-thymidine incorporation assay is more sensitive to resin toxicity than other tests11,29.

The purposes of this study were to evaluate the effect of water-bath and microwave post-polymerization heat treatments on the cytotoxicity of two denture base acrylic resins and to compare the cytotoxicity these materials by 3H-thymidine incorporation assay. The hypothesis that post-polymerization heat treatments could decrease the cytotoxicity of acrylic denture base resins was tested.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Specimen preparation

The denture base acrylic resins used in this study were Lucitone 550 – lot 65173 (Dentsply International Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and QC 20 – lot 65210 (Dentsply International Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Under aseptic conditions, 9 disc-shaped specimens of each resin (1 mm thick; 10 mm in diameter) were fabricated and polymerized according to the manufacturers' specifications. The following polymerization cycles were employed: Lucitone 550 was processed for 9 h at 71°C and QC 20 was processed by placing the flask in boiling water, removing heat for 20 min, returning to boil and boiling for 20 min. Excess flash was removed with a sterile trimming bur. The specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 48 h11. To assess the biologic effect of the post-polymerization heat treatments, the discs were assigned to 3 groups: 1) post-polymerization in a microwave oven for 3 min at 500 W in dry conditions9; 2) post-polymerization in water bath at 55°C for 60 min; and 3) no post-polymerization heat treatment. Before cytotoxicity testing, the discs were ultrasonically cleaned in distilled water for 20 min and exposed to ultraviolet light for another 20 min to kill microorganisms that might have contaminated the discs during fabrication11,27.

Eluate preparation

Eluates of the materials were prepared by placing 3 discs into a sterile glass vial (Costar, Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY, USA) with 9 mL of Eagle's medium supplemented with antibiotic (80 μg/mL of gentamycin) and fetal bovine serum and then incubating at 37°C for 24 h. A medium without discs was also incubated and diluted as described above to serve as negative control.

Cell culture

Mouse fibroblast cells (L929) were propagated in Eagle's minimum essential medium (Institute Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP, Brazil) supplemented with 80 μg/mL of gentamycin and 7.5% v/v fetal bovine serum. The culture was maintained at 37oC in an atmosphere of 5% CO2/95% air.

3H-thymidine incorporation assay

DNA synthesis in fibroblasts was assessed by measuring the incorporation of 3H-thymidine (Amershan Pharmacia Biotech do Brazil Ltda., São Paulo, SP, Brazil). L929 mouse fibroblasts (1 x 104 cell/mL) in 100 μL of the Eagle's medium were seeded into 96-well culture plates and incubated at 37°C for 24 h in an air atmosphere containing 5% CO2. After 24 h of incubation, the culture medium was replaced by 20 μL medium containing 0.25 μCi of 3H-thymidine. Additional 50 μL eluate and 50 μL fresh medium were added to each well of a 96-well culture plate and incubated for another 24 h at 37°C in an air atmosphere containing 5% CO2. Isotope incorporation into DNA was measured after 24 h incubation. After 24 h of exposure to 3H-thymidine, the cells were harvested onto fiber filters using a multichannel automated harvester (Unifilter 96 GF/C, Packard Instrument Company, Meriden, CT, USA) and the incorporated radioactivity was measured using a scintillation counter (Unifilter 96 GF/C, Packard Instrument Company, Meriden, CT, USA). Four wells were used for each experimental group. All experiments were performed twice, and each consisted of quadruplicate. This protocol was based on the outcomes of previous studies 3,11,18 in which the desired reproducibility was assured.

Data were analyzed on a log scale because log transformed data fitted a normal distribution. These data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance to determine differences in cytotoxicity on the basis of independent variables of material and post-polymerization heat treatments. Tukey's test was used to determine significant differences between group means at 5% significance level.

RESULTS

DNA synthesis, based on mean cpm (counts per minute) of the incorporated radioisotope is shown on Table 1. Twoway ANOVA revealed that the specimens heat treated in water bath produced significantly lower inhibition of DNA synthesis (p<0.05) than those without post-polymerization heat treatments, which resulted in a larger number of viable cells. The cytotoxicity of the materials was not affected by post-polymerization microwaving (p>0.05). Comparing the cytotoxic potential of the tested denture base resins, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the mean isotope incorporation into cellular DNA, regardless the group evaluated.

TABLE 1

3H-thymidine incorporation assay results for all experimental and control groups (log counts per minute)

	Microwave		Water bath		No post-polymerization		Control Group
	Lucitone	QC-20	Lucitone	QC-20	Lucitone	QC-20
	2.95	3.36	3.56	3.38	3.26	3.31	3.38
	3.13	3.32	3.42	3.43	3.21	3.36	3.34
	3.15	3.18	3.34	3.45	3.11	3.24	3.55
	3.34	3.35	3.38	3.35	3.12	3.11	3.38
Mean	3.14 a,b	3.30 a,b	3.42 a	3.40 a	3.17 b	3.26 b	3.41 a,b
SD	0.16	0.08	0.09	0.04	0.07	0.11	0.09

Means designated with the same superscript were not statistically different (P>0.05).

DISCUSSION

This study investigated the effects of post-polymerization heat treatments on the cytotoxicity of two denture base acrylic resins. Biocompatibility of dental materials has been evaluated by in vitro and in vivo studies and human clinical trials27. Testing of dental materials by cell culture methods are relatively simple to perform, reproducible and cost effective, in addition to being accurately controlled. Different parameters, such as inhibition of cell growth, cytolysis, effects on membrane or cytoplasmic markers and changes in metabolic activity, have been used to monitor cytotoxic effects of dental materials8. Measurement of DNA synthesis by 3H-thymidine incorporation29 and analysis of the metabolism of yellow methyltetrazolium salt (MTT) by mitochondrial dehydrogenase of active cells into blue formazan crystals are commonly used biologic assays for cytotoxicity testing29.

In this study, 3H-thymidine incorporation assay was used to determine the cytotoxicity of two acrylic denture base resins on L929 murine cell line because it has proven more sensitive than other methods3,11,29. The results showed that QC 20 and Lucitone 550 resin specimens not submitted to post-polymerization heat treatments were cytotoxic when compared to the negative control.

The effects of toxic substances leached from acrylic resins on tissues have been reported by clinical studies22, animal models12,23 and in vitro cell growth assays4,8,19,20,24,27. Denture base resins exhibit various degrees of in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo allergic responses, probably caused by unreacted components remaining after the polymerization process. Residual monomer content varies with the methods and the conditions of polymerization13,31. Studies have demonstrated that although the cytotoxic effect of residual monomer may last for several days after polymerization, it can be minimized if the dentures are stored in water for 24 h15,19. Therefore, some authors have suggested that soaking polymerized dentures in water may be beneficial in reducing intraoral monomer release19,30. Depending on the polymerization temperature and time, different amounts of residual monomer remain unreacted thus resulting in different degrees of cytotoxicity6,13. In a previous study11, Lucitone 550 specimens polymerized following the short cycle recommended by the manufacturer (90 min at 73oC and then 100oC boiling water for 30 min) were proven to be cytotoxic. It has been demonstrated that the polymerization cycle of heat-polymerized acrylic resins should include a final boiling treatment for at least 1 h in order to achieve maximum monomer conversion6. The long polymerization cycle recommended for Lucitone 550 (for 9 h at 71°C) did not include a terminal boil, which probably contributed to the higher residual monomer levels observed for this resin. Consequently, Lucitone 550 specimens were also cytotoxic in this study. Similar results were observed for QC 20 specimens. According to Harrison and Huggett6, the reverse polymerization cycle of QC 20 acrylic resin produced high levels of residual monomer (1.21%), which might be responsible for the cytotoxicity observed in this study.

Post-polymerization water bath was effective in reducing the cytotoxicity of both Lucitone 550 and QC 20 denture base resins. This might be explained by different mechanisms. It has been observed that residual monomer content after polymerization can be decreased by diffusion in water 31. In addition, as the release of residual monomer is a temperature-dependent process, diffusion is enhanced with the increase of temperature15,31. It has also been shown that the decrease in residual monomer levels after resin polymerization is due to further polymerization at the sites of active radicals, and that monomer molecules should diffuse more rapidly to these active sites at higher temperatures, which should increase monomer level fall rate15,16. Therefore, the possible lower levels of residual monomer produced by the mechanisms of diffusion and post-polymerization reaction may help explaining the lower cytotoxicity of the denture base resins submitted to water-bath post-polymerization treatment.

Post-polymerization microwaving was based on previous studies5,32, which reported that the residual monomer levels decreased with microwave irradiation. Microwaves act only on the monomer content, which decreases in the same proportion as the polymerization degree increases5. Unexpectedly, microwave post-polymerization treatment did not decrease the cytotoxicity of the resins tested in this study. This was surprising because our hypothesis was that microwaving could decrease the content of leachable residual monomer of the acrylic denture base resins and their cytotoxicity. In this study, the materials were microwaved in dry conditions and, hence, reduction in residual monomer levels due to water diffusion was not expected. It seems that the increase of the polymerization degree produced by microwaving was not sufficient to decrease the cytotoxic potential of the denture base resins. This may be attributed to a variety of potentially toxic substances eluted from denture base resins, which were unlikely to be influenced by microwave post-polymerization. These substances include formaldehyde, methacrylic acid, plasticizers, organic additives, benzoic acid, and biphenyl and phenyl benzoate14,21. It may also be speculated that oxygen might have competed for free radicals with the residual monomer on specimen surface thus inhibiting any further polymerization17. In view of this, studies investigating microwave post-polymerization heat treatments should add to their methodology the immersion of the specimens in water during microwaving. In the present study, the release of components from the acrylic resins was not measured, but this would help explaining the biological risks of this type of material.

Even though the results of initial cytotoxicity tests cannot be immediately extrapolated to clinical conditions, they are important to define the biologic behavior of dental materials and their constituents. It may be suggested that denture bases fabricated from Lucitone 550 and QC 20 acrylic resins should be soaked in water for 48 h and further polymerized in hot water (55oC) for 1 h to reduce their cytotoxicity. This treatment may potentially reduce the incidence of hypersensitivity reaction among denture wearers.

Water bath post-polymerization heat treatment at 55°C for 60 min improved the biocompatibility of the materials tested.

Microwave post-polymerization heat treatment had no effect on the cytotoxicity of the materials tested.