BACKGROUND: Although some observational studies have associated higher calcium intake and especially higher vitamin D intake and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels with lower breast cancer risk, no randomized trial has evaluated these relationships. METHODS:Postmenopausal women (N = 36 282) who were enrolled in a Women's Health Initiative clinical trial were randomly assigned to 1000 mg of elemental calcium with 400 IU of vitamin D(3) daily or placebo for a mean of 7.0 years to determine the effects of supplement use on incidence of hip fracture. Mammograms and breast exams were serially conducted. Invasive breast cancer was a secondary outcome. Baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were assessed in a nested case-control study of 1067 case patients and 1067 control subjects. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the risk of breast cancer associated with random assignment to calcium with vitamin D(3). Associations between 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum levels and total vitamin D intake, body mass index (BMI), recreational physical activity, and breast cancer risks were evaluated using logistic regression models. Statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS:Invasive breast cancer incidence was similar in the two groups (528 supplement vs 546 placebo; hazard ratio = 0.96; 95% confidence interval = 0.85 to 1.09). In the nested case-control study, no effect of supplement group assignment on breast cancer risk was seen. Baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were modestly correlated with total vitamin D intake (diet and supplements) (r = 0.19, P < .001) and were higher among women with lower BMI and higher recreational physical activity (both P < .001). Baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were not associated with breast cancer risk in analyses that were adjusted for BMI and physical activity (P(trend) = .20). CONCLUSIONS:Calcium and vitamin D supplementation did not reduce invasive breast cancer incidence in postmenopausal women. In addition, 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were not associated with subsequent breast cancer risk. These findings do not support a relationship between total vitamin D intake and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels with breast cancer risk.
RCT Entities:
BACKGROUND: Although some observational studies have associated higher calcium intake and especially higher vitamin D intake and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels with lower breast cancer risk, no randomized trial has evaluated these relationships. METHODS: Postmenopausal women (N = 36 282) who were enrolled in a Women's Health Initiative clinical trial were randomly assigned to 1000 mg of elementalcalcium with 400 IU of vitamin D(3) daily or placebo for a mean of 7.0 years to determine the effects of supplement use on incidence of hip fracture. Mammograms and breast exams were serially conducted. Invasive breast cancer was a secondary outcome. Baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were assessed in a nested case-control study of 1067 case patients and 1067 control subjects. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the risk of breast cancer associated with random assignment to calcium with vitamin D(3). Associations between 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum levels and total vitamin D intake, body mass index (BMI), recreational physical activity, and breast cancer risks were evaluated using logistic regression models. Statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS:Invasive breast cancer incidence was similar in the two groups (528 supplement vs 546 placebo; hazard ratio = 0.96; 95% confidence interval = 0.85 to 1.09). In the nested case-control study, no effect of supplement group assignment on breast cancer risk was seen. Baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were modestly correlated with total vitamin D intake (diet and supplements) (r = 0.19, P < .001) and were higher among women with lower BMI and higher recreational physical activity (both P < .001). Baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were not associated with breast cancer risk in analyses that were adjusted for BMI and physical activity (P(trend) = .20). CONCLUSIONS:Calcium and vitamin D supplementation did not reduce invasive breast cancer incidence in postmenopausal women. In addition, 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were not associated with subsequent breast cancer risk. These findings do not support a relationship between total vitamin D intake and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels with breast cancer risk.
Authors: Victor G Vogel; Joseph P Costantino; D Lawrence Wickerham; Walter M Cronin; Reena S Cecchini; James N Atkins; Therese B Bevers; Louis Fehrenbacher; Eduardo R Pajon; James L Wade; André Robidoux; Richard G Margolese; Joan James; Scott M Lippman; Carolyn D Runowicz; Patricia A Ganz; Steven E Reis; Worta McCaskill-Stevens; Leslie G Ford; V Craig Jordan; Norman Wolmark Journal: JAMA Date: 2006-06-05 Impact factor: 56.272
Authors: Marjorie L McCullough; Carmen Rodriguez; W Ryan Diver; Heather Spencer Feigelson; Victoria L Stevens; Michael J Thun; Eugenia E Calle Journal: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev Date: 2005-12 Impact factor: 4.254
Authors: Cedric F Garland; Frank C Garland; Edward D Gorham; Martin Lipkin; Harold Newmark; Sharif B Mohr; Michael F Holick Journal: Am J Public Health Date: 2005-12-27 Impact factor: 9.308
Authors: Rebecca D Jackson; Andrea Z LaCroix; Margery Gass; Robert B Wallace; John Robbins; Cora E Lewis; Tamsen Bassford; Shirley A A Beresford; Henry R Black; Patricia Blanchette; Denise E Bonds; Robert L Brunner; Robert G Brzyski; Bette Caan; Jane A Cauley; Rowan T Chlebowski; Steven R Cummings; Iris Granek; Jennifer Hays; Gerardo Heiss; Susan L Hendrix; Barbara V Howard; Judith Hsia; F Allan Hubbell; Karen C Johnson; Howard Judd; Jane Morley Kotchen; Lewis H Kuller; Robert D Langer; Norman L Lasser; Marian C Limacher; Shari Ludlam; JoAnn E Manson; Karen L Margolis; Joan McGowan; Judith K Ockene; Mary Jo O'Sullivan; Lawrence Phillips; Ross L Prentice; Gloria E Sarto; Marcia L Stefanick; Linda Van Horn; Jean Wactawski-Wende; Evelyn Whitlock; Garnet L Anderson; Annlouise R Assaf; David Barad Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 2006-02-16 Impact factor: 91.245
Authors: Jean Wactawski-Wende; Jane Morley Kotchen; Garnet L Anderson; Annlouise R Assaf; Robert L Brunner; Mary Jo O'Sullivan; Karen L Margolis; Judith K Ockene; Lawrence Phillips; Linda Pottern; Ross L Prentice; John Robbins; Thomas E Rohan; Gloria E Sarto; Santosh Sharma; Marcia L Stefanick; Linda Van Horn; Robert B Wallace; Evelyn Whitlock; Tamsen Bassford; Shirley A A Beresford; Henry R Black; Denise E Bonds; Robert G Brzyski; Bette Caan; Rowan T Chlebowski; Barbara Cochrane; Cedric Garland; Margery Gass; Jennifer Hays; Gerardo Heiss; Susan L Hendrix; Barbara V Howard; Judith Hsia; F Allan Hubbell; Rebecca D Jackson; Karen C Johnson; Howard Judd; Charles L Kooperberg; Lewis H Kuller; Andrea Z LaCroix; Dorothy S Lane; Robert D Langer; Norman L Lasser; Cora E Lewis; Marian C Limacher; JoAnn E Manson Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 2006-02-16 Impact factor: 91.245
Authors: Jacques E Rossouw; Garnet L Anderson; Ross L Prentice; Andrea Z LaCroix; Charles Kooperberg; Marcia L Stefanick; Rebecca D Jackson; Shirley A A Beresford; Barbara V Howard; Karen C Johnson; Jane Morley Kotchen; Judith Ockene Journal: JAMA Date: 2002-07-17 Impact factor: 56.272
Authors: Ross L Prentice; Bette Caan; Rowan T Chlebowski; Ruth Patterson; Lewis H Kuller; Judith K Ockene; Karen L Margolis; Marian C Limacher; JoAnn E Manson; Linda M Parker; Electra Paskett; Lawrence Phillips; John Robbins; Jacques E Rossouw; Gloria E Sarto; James M Shikany; Marcia L Stefanick; Cynthia A Thomson; Linda Van Horn; Mara Z Vitolins; Jean Wactawski-Wende; Robert B Wallace; Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller; Evelyn Whitlock; Katsuhiko Yano; Lucile Adams-Campbell; Garnet L Anderson; Annlouise R Assaf; Shirley A A Beresford; Henry R Black; Robert L Brunner; Robert G Brzyski; Leslie Ford; Margery Gass; Jennifer Hays; David Heber; Gerardo Heiss; Susan L Hendrix; Judith Hsia; F Allan Hubbell; Rebecca D Jackson; Karen C Johnson; Jane Morley Kotchen; Andrea Z LaCroix; Dorothy S Lane; Robert D Langer; Norman L Lasser; Maureen M Henderson Journal: JAMA Date: 2006-02-08 Impact factor: 56.272
Authors: François Meyer; Geoffrey Liu; Pierre Douville; Elodie Samson; Wei Xu; Araba Adjei; Isabelle Bairati Journal: Int J Cancer Date: 2010-06-07 Impact factor: 7.396
Authors: Chris R Cardwell; Christian C Abnet; Philip Veal; Carmel M Hughes; Marie M Cantwell; Liam J Murray Journal: Int J Cancer Date: 2012-01-11 Impact factor: 7.396
Authors: María Elena Martínez; Elizabeth T Jacobs; John A Baron; James R Marshall; Tim Byers Journal: J Natl Cancer Inst Date: 2012-04-25 Impact factor: 13.506
Authors: Katherine D Crew; Garnet L Anderson; Dawn L Hershman; Mary Beth Terry; Parisa Tehranifar; Danika L Lew; Monica Yee; Eric A Brown; Sebastien S Kairouz; Nafisa Kuwajerwala; Therese Bevers; John E Doster; Corrine Zarwan; Laura Kruper; Lori M Minasian; Leslie Ford; Banu Arun; Marian Neuhouser; Gary E Goodman; Powel H Brown Journal: Cancer Prev Res (Phila) Date: 2019-05-28
Authors: Katie M O'Brien; Dale P Sandler; Melissa House; Jack A Taylor; Clarice R Weinberg Journal: Am J Epidemiol Date: 2019-04-01 Impact factor: 4.897