BACKGROUND: Calcium, vitamin D, and dairy products are highly correlated factors, each with potential roles in breast carcinogenesis. Few prospective studies have examined these relationships in postmenopausal women. METHODS: Participants in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort completed a detailed questionnaire on diet, vitamin and mineral supplement use, medical history, and lifestyle in 1992 to 1993. After exclusion of women with a history of cancer and incomplete dietary data, 68,567 postmenopausal women remained for analysis. During follow-up through August 31, 2001, we identified 2,855 incident cases of breast cancer. Multivariate-adjusted rate ratios (RR) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: Women with the highest intake of dietary calcium (>1,250 mg/d) were at a lower risk of breast cancer than those reporting < or =500 mg/d [RR, 0.80; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.67-0.95; P(trend) = 0.02]; however, neither use of supplemental calcium nor vitamin D intake was associated with risk. Consumption starting at two or more servings of dairy products per day was likewise inversely associated with risk (RR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.69-0.95; P(trend) = 0.002, compared with <0.5 servings/d). The associations were slightly stronger in women with estrogen receptor-positive tumors comparing highest to lowest intake: dietary calcium (RR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.51-0.88; P(trend) = 0.004); dairy products (RR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.57-0.93; P(trend) = 0.0003), and dietary vitamin D (RR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.59-0.93; P(trend) = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the hypothesis that dietary calcium and/or some other components in dairy products may modestly reduce risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. The stronger inverse associations among estrogen receptor-positive tumors deserve further study.
BACKGROUND:Calcium, vitamin D, and dairy products are highly correlated factors, each with potential roles in breast carcinogenesis. Few prospective studies have examined these relationships in postmenopausal women. METHODS:Participants in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort completed a detailed questionnaire on diet, vitamin and mineral supplement use, medical history, and lifestyle in 1992 to 1993. After exclusion of women with a history of cancer and incomplete dietary data, 68,567 postmenopausal women remained for analysis. During follow-up through August 31, 2001, we identified 2,855 incident cases of breast cancer. Multivariate-adjusted rate ratios (RR) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS:Women with the highest intake of dietary calcium (>1,250 mg/d) were at a lower risk of breast cancer than those reporting < or =500 mg/d [RR, 0.80; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.67-0.95; P(trend) = 0.02]; however, neither use of supplemental calcium nor vitamin D intake was associated with risk. Consumption starting at two or more servings of dairy products per day was likewise inversely associated with risk (RR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.69-0.95; P(trend) = 0.002, compared with <0.5 servings/d). The associations were slightly stronger in women with estrogen receptor-positive tumors comparing highest to lowest intake: dietary calcium (RR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.51-0.88; P(trend) = 0.004); dairy products (RR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.57-0.93; P(trend) = 0.0003), and dietary vitamin D (RR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.59-0.93; P(trend) = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the hypothesis that dietary calcium and/or some other components in dairy products may modestly reduce risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. The stronger inverse associations among estrogen receptor-positive tumors deserve further study.
Authors: Marian L Neuhouser; JoAnn E Manson; Amy Millen; Mary Pettinger; Karen Margolis; Elizabeth T Jacobs; James M Shikany; Mara Vitolins; Lucile Adams-Campbell; Simin Liu; Erin LeBlanc; Karen C Johnson; Jean Wactawski-Wende Journal: Am J Epidemiol Date: 2012-02-22 Impact factor: 4.897
Authors: Elizabeth R Bertone-Johnson; Sally I Powers; Leslie Spangler; Robert L Brunner; Yvonne L Michael; Joseph C Larson; Amy E Millen; Maria N Bueche; Elena Salmoirago-Blotcher; Simin Liu; Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller; Judith K Ockene; Ira Ockene; JoAnn E Manson Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Date: 2011-08-24 Impact factor: 7.045
Authors: Dana E Rollison; Ashley L Cole; Ko-Hui Tung; Martha L Slattery; Kathy B Baumgartner; Tim Byers; Roger K Wolff; Anna R Giuliano Journal: Breast Cancer Res Treat Date: 2011-12-01 Impact factor: 4.872
Authors: Elizabeth R Bertone-Johnson; Rowan T Chlebowski; Joann E Manson; Jean Wactawski-Wende; Aaron K Aragaki; Rulla M Tamimi; Kathryn M Rexrode; Cynthia A Thomson; Thomas E Rohan; Jennifer D Peck; Etta D Pisano; Christopher F Martin; Gloria Sarto; Anne McTiernan Journal: Menopause Date: 2010 Nov-Dec Impact factor: 2.953
Authors: Candyce H Kroenke; Marilyn L Kwan; Carol Sweeney; Adrienne Castillo; Bette J Caan Journal: J Natl Cancer Inst Date: 2013-03-14 Impact factor: 13.506