Arsenic, lead and nickel accumulation in Rubus ulmifolius growing in contaminated soil in Portugal.

This work investigates the potential of Rubus ulmifolius, indigenous to a metal contaminated site--Esteiro de Estarreja--for phytoremediation purposes. The site has a long history of metal contamination. The accumulation of lead (Pb), arsenic (As) and nickel (Ni) in different sections--roots, stems and leaves - of the plant was assessed and compared to the levels of those metals in the soil and in the available fraction. The distribution of metals throughout the area was quite heterogeneous, presenting levels of As, Pb and Ni of up to 3078, 1400 and 135 mg kg(-1), respectively, and the metal content in the sections of R. ulmifolius collected in the banks of the stream varied among sites of collection. Levels of metals were higher in the plant roots: As levels (mgkg(-1)) ranged from 277 to 1721 in the roots, 30 to 110 in the stems, and 60 to 265 in the leaves; Pb concentrations (mgkg(-1)) ranged from 248 to 1178 in the roots, 35 to 133 in the stems, and 25 to 149 in the leaves; and Ni (mgkg(-1)) ranged from 48 to 151 in the roots. Significant correlations were found between the total levels of Pb and As in the soil and the levels in the roots of the plant; further correlations between total and available levels in the soil and metals in other plant tissues were generally found as non-significant. According to the metal accumulation patterns of R. ulmifolius, this species seems to be valuable for application in phytostabilisation strategies.