Responses of alternative complement expression to challenge with different combinations of Vibrio anguillarum, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus: evidence for specific immune priming in amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri.

The existence of specific immunological priming in protection upon secondary exposure in invertebrates remains controversial. By exploring the changes in the expression patterns of Bf, C3 and C6, key genes involved in the alternative complement pathway (AP), after challenge with different combinations of three bacteria Vibrio anguillarum, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, we show that re-exposure to the same species of bacteria or the different species of the same (Gram-negative or Gram-positive) class of bacteria results in a significant increase in the expression of Bf, C3 and C6, and an earlier occurrence of gene expression peak compared with the first exposure in amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri; in contrast, re-exposure to the different class of bacteria did not induce such responses. These characteristics appear to bear some analogy to the immunological memory in vertebrates, suggesting that amphioxus B. belcheri possesses the ability to discriminate between classes of microorganisms. Moreover, our results for the first time establish a link between the alternative complement components and the specific immune priming.