Augmentation cystoplasty: what are the indications?

Augmentation cystoplasty has been studied and performed by urologists for more than 100 years. Although specific indications, techniques, and materials used have undergone major changes and revisions during this period, the general concepts have remained the same. Bladder augmentation increases the bladder's storage capacity. Specific indications include structurally diminished bladder capacity, neurogenically incapacitated bladder, special circumstances of overactive bladder, and interstitial cystitis. This article briefly reviews techniques including laparoscopic and extraperitoneal approaches. Most common long-term consequences of bladder augmentation including chronic infections, bladder stones, perforation, and malignancy are described. Overall, we demonstrate that in appropriately selected patients, bladder augmentation presents an excellent treatment option to improve bladder capacity, achieve socially acceptable continence, and stabilize renal function.