Efficiency and effectiveness of stoop and squat lifting at different frequencies.

The study investigated the effects of frequency (10 and 20 lifts/min) and technique (squat and stoop) of repetitive lifting of a barbell (19 kg) on the relationship between mean power output (Pm) and energy cost in 9 male power-lifters. Oxygen uptake (VO2) was measured directly and continuously and power output was deduced from film analysis using an inverse dynamic analysis. Power output and VO2 were significantly greater for squat than for stoop lifting at the same frequency. The mechanical efficiency (ME), defined as Pm divided by the energy equivalence of VO2, increased from 12% at rate 10 to 18.5% at rate 20, but there was no significant difference between the two techniques. The effectiveness (EF), defined as the productive external power output (only work done on the barbell) divided by the energy equivalence of VO2, was significantly higher for the stoop lift than for the squat lift. EF is judged as a more useful measure than ME for characterizing the relative energy cost of a lifting task.