School-based interventions for adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) frequently encounter significant difficulties with academic, behavioral, and social functioning in secondary school settings. Although psychotropic medication (eg, stimulants) may reduce ADHD symptoms, this treatment does not directly address functional impairments. Four broad psychosocial treatment classes including behavioral, academic, self-management, and multimodal intervention programs have been used to address the school difficulties adolescents with ADHD. Relevant research supporting each of these treatment approaches is described along with the clinical implications of these findings. Limitations of the extant literature are identified in order to delineate critical directions for future treatment, development and research.