Traffic of leukocytes in the central nervous system is associated with chemokine up-regulation in a severe model of herpes simplex encephalitis: an intravital microscopy study.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a human pathogen that may cause severe encephalitis. The development of experimental models of HSV-1 encephalitis is relevant for the comprehension of the immune mechanisms involved in this infection. C57BL/6 mice were inoculated intracranially with 10(4) PFU of neurotropic HSV-1. All animals developed signs of encephalitis and died until day 6 post-infection (pi). Using intravital microscopy, we demonstrated increased leukocyte rolling and adhesion in the brain microvasculature of infected mice at days 1, 3 and 5 pi. The infection was followed by a significant increase in chemokine levels, including CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL1 and CXCL9. TNF-alpha also showed a significant increase at day 3 pi. Histological analyses demonstrated diffuse meningoencephalitis characterized mainly by mononuclear cell infiltrates. The present model of HSV-1 encephalitis exhibits high mortality in the very first days of infection. Accordingly, there were increased rolling and adhesion of leukocytes along the brain endothelium wall and a high expression of chemokines in the central nervous system. These results corroborate the role of chemokines in leukocyte recruitment following HSV-1 infection in the central nervous system.