Listeria monocytogenes, a unique model in infection biology: an overview.

This review rather than covering the whole field intends to highlight recent findings on the Listeria monocytogenes infectious process or some Listeria specific traits, place them within the framework of well-established data, and demonstrate how this Gram-positive bacterium has, in two decades, emerged as a multifaceted paradigm. Indeed, the cell biology of the infectious process has been deciphered in great detail and provided insights in both the way bacterial pathogen manipulate the host and unsuspected functions of well-known cellular proteins. The intra- and intercellular motility has in particular been instrumental in understanding actin-based motility in general. The analysis of the two main Listeria invasion proteins and that of their host specificities have illustrated how in vitro studies can help generating or choosing relevant animal models for in vivo studies. Listeria post-genomics studies have highlighted the power of comparative genomics in virulence studies. Together, Listeria, after being recognized as a powerful tool in immunology, now appears as one of the most insightful models in infection biology.