Biofilm formation by Scottish clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus.

The biofilm-forming capacity of 972 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus was tested using a high-throughput polystyrene 96-peg plate format. Isolates of S. aureus were collected from patients in hospitals throughout Scotland from 2004 to 2006; 763 of these were meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 209 were meticillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA). The biomass of each biofilm was quantified using a crystal violet staining technique. Isolates were divided into those that formed fully established biofilms, moderately attached biofilms and weakly adherent biofilms by comparison with a known biofilm-forming strain. The majority of MRSA (53.8 %) and MSSA (43.5 %) isolates formed moderately attached biofilms. Fully established biofilms were formed by 20.5 % of MRSA isolates and 28.0 % of MSSA isolates, whilst 25.7 % of MRSA isolates and 28.5 % of MSSA isolates formed negligible biofilms. There was no significant correlation between susceptibility to meticillin and biofilm formation (P=0.77). MRSA isolates were divided into clonal types (EMRSA-15, EMRSA-16 and sporadic isolates) based on PFGE genotyping results. EMRSA-15 isolates formed significantly more moderately and fully established biofilms than EMRSA-16 isolates (P<0.001). S. aureus strains isolated from the skin of patients had a significantly greater capacity to form biofilms than isolates from other body sites, including the blood. Microscopic examination of biofilms by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that poorly adherent biofilm formers failed to colonize the entire surface of the peg, whilst moderately adherent biofilm formers grew in uniform monolayers but failed to develop a mature three-dimensional structure. SEM analysis of an isolate representative of the group that formed fully established biofilms confirmed that this isolate developed a dense biofilm with a textured, multi-layered, three-dimensional structure.