Phylogenetic and biogeographic complexity of Magnoliaceae in the Northern Hemisphere inferred from three nuclear data sets.

This study employs three nuclear genes (PHYA, LFY, and GAI1) to reconstruct the phylogenetic and biogeographic history of Magnoliaceae. A total of 104 samples representing 86 taxa from all sections and most subsections were sequenced. Twelve major groups are well supported to be monophyletic within Magnoliaceae and these groups are largely consistent with the recent taxonomic revision at the sectional and subsectional levels. However, relationships at deeper nodes of the subfamily Magnolioideae remain not well resolved. A relaxed clock relying on uncorrelated rates suggests that the complicated divergent evolution of Magnolioideae began around the early Eocene (54.57mya), concordant with paleoclimatic and fossil evidence. Intercontinental disjunctions of Magnoliaceae in the Northern Hemisphere appear to have originated during at least two geologic periods. Some occurred after the middle Miocene, represented by two well-recognized temperate lineages disjunct between eastern Asia and eastern North America. The others may have occurred no later than the Oligocene, with ancient separations between or within tropical and temperate lineages.