Inherent sexually dimorphic expression of hepatic CYP2C12 correlated with repressed activation of growth hormone-regulated signal transduction in male rats.

Because of its myriad physiologic functions, it is not surprising that the actions of growth hormone (GH) are mediated by recruiting/activating dozens of signaling molecules involved in numerous transduction pathways. The particular signal transduction pathway activated by the hormone is determined by the affected target cell, the sexually dimorphic secretory GH profile (masculine episodic or feminine continuous) to which the cell is exposed, and the individual's sex. In this regard, expression of female-specific CYP2C12, the most abundant cytochrome P450 in female rat liver, is solely regulated by the feminine GH profile. Sex is a modulating factor in this response in that males are considerably less responsive than females to the CYP2C12-induction effects of continuous GH. Using primary hepatocytes derived from male and female hypophysectomized rats, we have identified several factors in a transduction pathway activated by the feminine GH regime and associated with the induction of hepatic CYP2C12. Elements in the proposed pathway, in their likely order of activation, are the growth hormone receptor, extracellular signal-regulated kinases, the cAMP-response element-binding protein, and hepatocyte nuclear factors 4alpha and 6, which subsequently bind and activate the CYP2C12 promoter. Recruitment and/or activation levels of all of the component factors in the pathway were highly suppressed in male hepatocytes, possibly explaining the dramatically lower induction levels of CYP2C12 in males exposed to the same continuous GH profile as females.