X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy under flow.

X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy was used to probe the diffusive dynamics of colloidal particles in a shear flow. Combining X-ray techniques with microfluidics is an experimental strategy that reduces the risk of X-ray-induced beam damage and also allows time-resolved studies of processes taking place in flow cells. The experimental results and theoretical predictions presented here show that in the low shear limit for a ;transverse flow' scattering geometry (scattering wavevector q perpendicular to the direction of flow) the measured relaxation times are independent of the flow rate and determined only by the diffusive motion of the particles. This is not generally valid and, in particular, for a 'longitudinal flow' (q parallel flow) scattering geometry the relaxation times are strongly affected by the flow-induced motion of the particles. The results here show that the Brownian diffusion of colloidal particles can be measured in a flowing sample and that, up to flux limitations, the experimental conditions under which this is possible are easier to achieve at higher values of q.