Changing paradigms in the immunological science of allergy: 2008.

Our evolving knowledge of the universe of immune cytokines has permitted more precise definition of the extensive involvement of many cell-derived protein factors in the mediation of allergic diseases and asthma. Several newly recognized cytokines, which are derived from epithelial cells of the respiratory system, skin, and gastrointestinal tract or intraepithelial T cells in the context of interactions with nonimmune parenchymal cells, have potent stimulatory or inhibitory effects on the differentiation and/or activities of T helper (Th) 2-type CD4 T cells. Their properties and effects are reviewed from the perspective of novel targets for antiallergic therapy.