Petr Hruz1, Lars Eckmann. 1. Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The present review discusses the physiological functions of selected caspase recruitment domain (CARD)-containing sensor and adaptor proteins and their role in the pathogenesis of intestinal diseases. RECENT FINDINGS: Myeloid and lymphoid cells as well as intestinal epithelial cells express several intracellular CARD-containing proteins. CARD-containing sensors, particularly NOD1 (CARD4), NOD2 (CARD15) and IPAF (CARD12), have an important role in the detection of conserved microbial structures of invading microbial pathogens. Upon ligand recognition and activation, the sensors interact through CARD domains with downstream CARD-containing adaptors including CARD9, RIP2 (CARD3) and ASC (CARD5). Recent data suggest that multiple signaling pathways from Toll-like receptors and non-Toll-receptor pathways converge on these adaptor proteins and that their functions are crucial for the initiation of innate immune responses to invading microbial pathogens. SUMMARY: CARD-containing adaptors and sensors represent an important family of molecules involved in innate host defense against gastrointestinal pathogens and in the regulation of inflammatory responses, suggesting that further insights into their physiological functions may yield new pharmacological strategies for treating intestinal inflammatory conditions.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The present review discusses the physiological functions of selected caspase recruitment domain (CARD)-containing sensor and adaptor proteins and their role in the pathogenesis of intestinal diseases. RECENT FINDINGS: Myeloid and lymphoid cells as well as intestinal epithelial cells express several intracellular CARD-containing proteins. CARD-containing sensors, particularly NOD1 (CARD4), NOD2 (CARD15) and IPAF (CARD12), have an important role in the detection of conserved microbial structures of invading microbial pathogens. Upon ligand recognition and activation, the sensors interact through CARD domains with downstream CARD-containing adaptors including CARD9, RIP2 (CARD3) and ASC (CARD5). Recent data suggest that multiple signaling pathways from Toll-like receptors and non-Toll-receptor pathways converge on these adaptor proteins and that their functions are crucial for the initiation of innate immune responses to invading microbial pathogens. SUMMARY: CARD-containing adaptors and sensors represent an important family of molecules involved in innate host defense against gastrointestinal pathogens and in the regulation of inflammatory responses, suggesting that further insights into their physiological functions may yield new pharmacological strategies for treating intestinal inflammatory conditions.
Authors: Marjaneh Razmara; Srinivasa M Srinivasula; Lin Wang; Jean-Luc Poyet; Brad J Geddes; Peter S DiStefano; John Bertin; Emad S Alnemri Journal: J Biol Chem Date: 2002-01-30 Impact factor: 5.157
Authors: N Pathan; H Marusawa; M Krajewska; S Matsuzawa; H Kim; K Okada; S Torii; S Kitada; S Krajewski; K Welsh; F Pio; A Godzik; J C Reed Journal: J Biol Chem Date: 2001-06-14 Impact factor: 5.157
Authors: J Bertin; Y Guo; L Wang; S M Srinivasula; M D Jacobson; J L Poyet; S Merriam; M Q Du; M J Dyer; K E Robison; P S DiStefano; E S Alnemri Journal: J Biol Chem Date: 2000-12-29 Impact factor: 5.157
Authors: Naohiro Inohara; Yasunori Ogura; Ana Fontalba; Olga Gutierrez; Fernando Pons; Javier Crespo; Koichi Fukase; Seiichi Inamura; Shoichi Kusumoto; Masahito Hashimoto; Simon J Foster; Anthony P Moran; Jose L Fernandez-Luna; Gabriel Nuñez Journal: J Biol Chem Date: 2003-01-04 Impact factor: 5.157
Authors: Stephen E Girardin; Ivo G Boneca; Leticia A M Carneiro; Aude Antignac; Muguette Jéhanno; Jérôme Viala; Karsten Tedin; Muhamed-Kheir Taha; Agnes Labigne; Ulrich Zähringer; Anthony J Coyle; Peter S DiStefano; John Bertin; Philippe J Sansonetti; Dana J Philpott Journal: Science Date: 2003-06-06 Impact factor: 47.728
Authors: Erik-Oliver Glocker; Andre Hennigs; Mohammad Nabavi; Alejandro A Schäffer; Cristina Woellner; Ulrich Salzer; Dietmar Pfeifer; Hendrik Veelken; Klaus Warnatz; Fariba Tahami; Sarah Jamal; Annabelle Manguiat; Nima Rezaei; Ali Akbar Amirzargar; Alessandro Plebani; Nicole Hannesschläger; Olaf Gross; Jürgen Ruland; Bodo Grimbacher Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 2009-10-29 Impact factor: 91.245
Authors: Anke Leichtle; Arwa Kurabi; David Leffers; Markus Därr; Clara Sophia Draf; Allen Frederic Ryan; Karl-Ludwig Bruchhage Journal: Front Cell Infect Microbiol Date: 2022-03-30 Impact factor: 5.293
Authors: Claudia Huebner; Lynnette R Ferguson; Dug Yeo Han; Martin Philpott; Murray L Barclay; Richard B Gearry; Alan McCulloch; Pieter S Demmers; Brian L Browning Journal: BMC Res Notes Date: 2009-03-27