Survey of quartz bulk resonator sensor technologies.

The term ;bulk resonator' is used to include a variety of vibrational modes. The survey is broken down by type of resonant mode, namely thickness shear, single-ended flexural, double-ended flexural, and torsional. Where appropriate, the discussion of each type of resonant mode includes items related to the frequency-control applications of the particular mode to emphasize the cross fertilization occurring between frequency control and sensor work.