APOBEC3G upregulation by alpha interferon restricts human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in human peripheral plasmacytoid dendritic cells.

APOBEC3G (A3G), a member of cytidine deaminase family, has potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) activity. It has been demonstrated that alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) can significantly enhance the expression of A3G in human primary resting CD4(+) T-cells, macrophages and primary hepatocytes, subsequently decreasing their viral susceptibility. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are key effectors in innate host immunity, mediating adaptive immune responses and stimulating IFN-alpha production in reaction to various stimuli. In this report, we demonstrate that IFN-alpha, either exogenously added to- or endogenously secreted by pDCs, can enhance the expression of A3G and its family members such as A3A, A3C and A3F. We have also shown that IFN-alpha can inhibit HIV-1 expression in pDCs. This inhibitory effect could be countered by addition of an A3G-specific short interfering RNA, indicating that IFN-alpha-induced A3G plays a key role in mediating pDCs response to HIV-1. Given the central role played by pDCs in orchestrating the IFN-alpha/A3G intercellular network and intracellular signal pathway, our data indicate that pDCs themselves are also protected by an IFN-alpha/A3G-mediated innate immunity barrier from HIV-1 infection.