Embryology and three-dimensional anatomy of the superficial venous system of the lower limbs.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to better understand the anatomy of the venous network of the lower limbs by using new imaging techniques, particularly the three-dimensional modelling by computerized tomographic (CT) venography. This new tool is combined with anatomical dissection techniques and the results of Duplex ultrasound imaging.
METHODS: The embryogenesis of the venous network, which explains the main variations of the venous system, and a description using the new terminology of the veins.
RESULTS: Physiologically, the muscular veins play a crucial role, owing to the effect of the muscular pumps by their aspiration power on the superficial system via the perforators. They always act at the same level. This explains the fixity of the main perforator veins and the interest of their anatomical knowledge.
CONCLUSION: The new imaging techniques and treatments dedicated to the venous system of the lower limbs make their descriptive anatomy increasingly useful. It will be the basis of a common language between radiologists, phlebologists and surgeons.