Laparoscopic Heller myotomy for achalasia: a review of the controversies.

Achalasia is a rare primary motility disorder of the esophagus with a United States prevalence of less than 0.001%. Laparoscopic modified Heller myotomy has become the standard of care for palliation of this incurable but benign disease. The role of a fundoplication with the myotomy continues to be controversial. This report summarizes the current laparoscopic management of achalasia with a review of the medical literature on the outcome of combining a fundoplication with a laparoscopic myotomy. The optimal length of myotomy as suggested in the literature is also summarized. To complete the goal, peer-reviewed publications were identified in PubMed by search terms achalasia, myotomy, fundoplication, Nissen, Dor, and Toupet.