Sex-biased expression of odorant receptors in antennae and palps of the African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae.

At the heart of the odor recognition process in all animals are G-protein-coupled receptors, which are seven-transmembrane domain proteins that initiate G-protein-mediated signaling cascades when activated by their ligands. Odorant receptors (ORs) are a large, diverse family of proteins with some 80 members in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae. With the assumption that more sensilla on female antennae are tuned to human odors than on male antennae, comparison of specific OR mRNA levels in male and female antennae can provide an indication as to which receptors may be stimulated by host odors. We have used RT PCR and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT PCR) to investigate sex-biased expression levels of 80 A. gambiae ORs in male and female antennae and maxillary palps. On the basis of prevalence of expression in female antennae and on a strong female relative to male expression bias we identified a short list of ORs that are likely involved in host odor recognition by female mosquitoes.