A multiphasic characterization of the impact of the herbicide acetochlor on freshwater bacterial communities.

Acetochlor is the third most frequently detected herbicide in natural waters; however, it is unknown if exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of acetochlor will impact bacterial community structure and function. This study examined the impact of acetochlor on freshwater heterotrophic bacteria number, and community structure and function using direct counting, community level physiological profiling (CLPP) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis. Acetochlor concentration did not appear to correlate with the number of total (P=0.69) and viable (P=0.80) bacteria, even at concentrations up to 500 microg l(-1). However, CLPP indicated that acetochlor increased functional diversity as shown by (i) an increase in the number of carbon sources utilized by the microbial community, relative to nonexposed controls and (ii) increased functional evenness within the heterotrophic bacterial community. Conversely, DGGE fingerprints suggested that exposure to acetochlor generally decreased the community complexity, as the average number of DGGE bands in most treatments was significantly less than in the control treatment. Cluster analysis of DGGE fingerprints revealed three distinct, dose-dependent clusters (i) communities exposed to 0, 1 and 5 microg l(-1); (ii) 50 and 100 microg l(-1) and (iii) 500 microg l(-1), indicating a relationship between acetochlor concentration bacterial community changes. This study indicated that while exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of acetochlor resulted in no significant impact to the number of freshwater bacteria, impacts to the function and structure of the community were revealed by adopting a multiphasic approach.