BACKGROUND: The noble gas xenon acts as an anesthetic with favorable hemodynamic and neuroprotective properties. Based on animal and in vitro data, it is thought to exert its anesthetic effects by inhibiting glutamatergic signaling, but effects on gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptors also have been reported. The mechanism of anesthetic action of xenon in the living human brain still remains to be determined. METHODS: We used the specific GABA(A) receptor benzodiazepine-site ligand 11C-flumazenil and positron emission tomography to study the GABAergic effects of xenon in eight healthy male volunteers. Each subject underwent two dynamic 60-min positron emission tomography studies awake and during approximately one minimum alveolar concentration of xenon (65%). Bispectral index was recorded. Cortical and subcortical gray matter regions were analyzed using both automated regions-of-interest analysis and voxel-based analysis. RESULTS: During anesthesia, the mean +/- sd bispectral index was 23 +/- 7, and there were no significant changes in heart rate or mean arterial blood pressure. Xenon did not significantly affect 11C-flumazenil binding in any brain region. CONCLUSIONS: Xenon did not affect 11C-flumazenil binding in the living human brain, indicating that the anesthetic effect of xenon is not mediated via the GABA(A) receptor system.
BACKGROUND: The noble gas xenon acts as an anesthetic with favorable hemodynamic and neuroprotective properties. Based on animal and in vitro data, it is thought to exert its anesthetic effects by inhibiting glutamatergic signaling, but effects on gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptors also have been reported. The mechanism of anesthetic action of xenon in the living human brain still remains to be determined. METHODS: We used the specific GABA(A) receptor benzodiazepine-site ligand 11C-flumazenil and positron emission tomography to study the GABAergic effects of xenon in eight healthy male volunteers. Each subject underwent two dynamic 60-min positron emission tomography studies awake and during approximately one minimum alveolar concentration of xenon (65%). Bispectral index was recorded. Cortical and subcortical gray matter regions were analyzed using both automated regions-of-interest analysis and voxel-based analysis. RESULTS: During anesthesia, the mean +/- sd bispectral index was 23 +/- 7, and there were no significant changes in heart rate or mean arterial blood pressure. Xenon did not significantly affect 11C-flumazenil binding in any brain region. CONCLUSIONS:Xenon did not affect 11C-flumazenil binding in the living human brain, indicating that the anesthetic effect of xenon is not mediated via the GABA(A) receptor system.
Authors: Jussi Hirvonen; Sargo Aalto; Nora Hagelberg; Anu Maksimow; Kimmo Ingman; Vesa Oikonen; Jussi Virkkala; Kjell Någren; Harry Scheinin Journal: Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging Date: 2008-09-09 Impact factor: 9.236
Authors: Igor Melnikov; Philipp Orekhov; Maksim Rulev; Kirill Kovalev; Roman Astashkin; Dmitriy Bratanov; Yury Ryzhykau; Taras Balandin; Sergei Bukhdruker; Ivan Okhrimenko; Valentin Borshchevskiy; Gleb Bourenkov; Christoph Mueller-Dieckmann; Peter van der Linden; Philippe Carpentier; Gordon Leonard; Valentin Gordeliy; Alexander Popov Journal: Commun Biol Date: 2022-04-14
Authors: Evgeny Petrov; Gopalakrishnan Menon; Paul R Rohde; Andrew R Battle; Boris Martinac; Marc Solioz Journal: PLoS One Date: 2018-06-04 Impact factor: 3.240