Biomechanics of external fixation: a review of the literature.

External fixation for the purpose of bony realignment has been in practice since the early 1900s and is widely used today. External fixators are primarily used for trauma but may also be used for deformity correction and arthrodesis, among other applications. The advantages of external fixation over open reduction and internal fixation and intramedullary nailing include simplicity of application, adjustability of the construct, and increased access for wound care and wound monitoring after fixation is achieved. Frame design requires a combination of pins, wires, clamps, rings, and rods to ultimately form a stable construct that can apply compressive, distractive, or neutral forces on bone.