Accountability for patient self-management of chronic conditions; ethical analysis and a proposal.

Patient self-management (PSM) of varying portions of therapy for chronic illness is expanding. However, several current conditions of practice are ethically problematic. Standards remain process-oriented, and accountability for patient outcomes and quality of practice of both patient and provider is diffuse. PSM carries important benefits but largely unmonitored potential harms. Also, access to preparation for safe PSM appears to be skewed in favour of high socio-economic classes. This condition persists even though available evidence supports the conclusion that less advantaged patients with poor disease outcomes can be taught to self-manage, albeit they require more intensive and prolonged interventions. Routine clinical use of well-validated measurement instruments could serve to develop evidence-based standards of PSM, quality improvement and effective public policy. Development of a standard dataset would facilitate description of the effectiveness of existing programmes and comparison across programmes. Such reform will require investment in the development of instruments that measure patient ability to make sound clinical judgements and sustain PSM over changed disease and social conditions. It will take advantage of modem psychometric theory, which is increasingly necessary for building the empirical base for evidence-based healthcare.