Andrew J Waters1, Yisheng Li. 1. Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA. andrew.waters@usuhs.mil
Abstract
RATIONALE: Cognitive processes underlying drug use have typically been assessed in laboratory settings. More detailed and ecologically valid data may be possible if assessments were conducted in an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) setting. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the feasibility and utility of administering a reaction time task on a hand-held computer (personal digital assistant, PDA) in an EMA setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-two smokers and 22 non-smokers carried around the PDA for 1 week as they went about their daily lives. They were beeped at random times four times per day (random assessments, RAs). Participants were also instructed to press an "anxiety assessment" (AA) button on the PDA whenever they felt suddenly anxious. At each assessment (RA, AA), participants responded to items assessing subjective, pharmacological, and contextual variables, and subsequently completed a Stroop task (classic-Stroop, emotional-Stroop, or smoking-Stroop task). RESULTS: Participants responded to 81.2% of RAs, completed assessments in an average of 4.44 min, reported no interruptions on the majority of assessments (62.4%), and produced data with adequate reliability. Using generalized estimating equation (GEE) analyses, age was associated with the classic-Stroop effect, state anxiety was associated with the emotional-Stroop effect, and Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence scores were associated with the smoking-Stroop effect. CONCLUSIONS: The study provided evidence for the feasibility and utility of the approach.
RATIONALE: Cognitive processes underlying drug use have typically been assessed in laboratory settings. More detailed and ecologically valid data may be possible if assessments were conducted in an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) setting. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the feasibility and utility of administering a reaction time task on a hand-held computer (personal digital assistant, PDA) in an EMA setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-two smokers and 22 non-smokers carried around the PDA for 1 week as they went about their daily lives. They were beeped at random times four times per day (random assessments, RAs). Participants were also instructed to press an "anxiety assessment" (AA) button on the PDA whenever they felt suddenly anxious. At each assessment (RA, AA), participants responded to items assessing subjective, pharmacological, and contextual variables, and subsequently completed a Stroop task (classic-Stroop, emotional-Stroop, or smoking-Stroop task). RESULTS:Participants responded to 81.2% of RAs, completed assessments in an average of 4.44 min, reported no interruptions on the majority of assessments (62.4%), and produced data with adequate reliability. Using generalized estimating equation (GEE) analyses, age was associated with the classic-Stroop effect, state anxiety was associated with the emotional-Stroop effect, and Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence scores were associated with the smoking-Stroop effect. CONCLUSIONS: The study provided evidence for the feasibility and utility of the approach.
Authors: Andrew J Waters; Saul Shiffman; Michael A Sayette; Jean A Paty; Chad J Gwaltney; Mark H Balabanis Journal: Health Psychol Date: 2003-07 Impact factor: 4.267
Authors: Saul Shiffman; Christi Patten; Chad Gwaltney; Jean Paty; Maryann Gnys; Jon Kassel; Mary Hickcox; Andrew Waters; Mark Balabanis Journal: Addiction Date: 2006-12 Impact factor: 6.526
Authors: Andrew J Waters; Edwin H Szeto; David W Wetter; Paul M Cinciripini; Jason D Robinson; Yisheng Li Journal: Nicotine Tob Res Date: 2013-07-30 Impact factor: 4.244