Akt mediates mitochondrial protection in cardiomyocytes through phosphorylation of mitochondrial hexokinase-II.

Akt activation supports survival of cardiomyocytes against ischemia/reperfusion, which induces cell death through opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PT-pore). Mitochondrial depolarization induced by treatment of cardiomyocytes with H(2)O(2) is prevented by activation of Akt with leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). This protective effect is observed even when cardiomyocytes treated with LIF are permeabilized and mitochondrial depolarization is elicited by elevating Ca(2+). Cell fractionation studies demonstrate that LIF treatment increases both total and phosphorylated Akt in the mitochondrial fraction. Furthermore, the association of Akt with HK-II is increased by LIF. HK-II contains consensus sequences for phosphorylation by Akt and LIF treatment induces PI3K- and Akt-dependent HK-II phosphorylation. Addition of recombinant kinase-active Akt to isolated adult mouse heart mitochondria stimulates phosphorylation of HK-II and concomitantly inhibits the ability of Ca(2+) to induce cytochrome c release. This protection is prevented when HK-II is dissociated from mitochondria by incubation with glucose 6-phosphate or HK-II-dissociating peptide. Finally LIF increases HK-II association with mitochondria and dissociation of HK-II from mitochondria attenuates the protective effect of LIF on H(2)O(2)-induced mitochondrial depolarization in cardiomyocytes. We conclude that Akt has a direct effect at the level of the mitochondrion, which is mediated via phosphorylation of HK-II and results in protection of mitochondria against oxidant or Ca(2+)-stimulated PT-pore opening.