Definitions and principles for bioindication and biomonitoring of trace metals in the environment.

Clear-cut definitions are given for most terms used in monitoring studies. In these studies the observation or experimental investigation of living organisms give a qualitative or quantitative information on the state of the environment with special reference to trace metals. The focus and future goals of biogeochemical research must consider the direct effects on human health, by including modelling of active biogeochemical processes than they have done so far. Newly developed strategies as the multi-markered bioindication concept (MMBC) with its functional and integrated windows on prophylactic healthcare are essential tools for successfully observing the environment with respect to trace metals. An intensified training of students and a strong hand in hand work between industrial, educational and public institutions is necessary.