Retroperitoneoscopic surgery in children.

Even if no large comparative studies enable us to definitely confirm the potential advantages of minimal retroperitoneoscopic access surgery, this new technique is now expanding in pediatric urology and considered today as feasible and safe in well-trained hands. The technique is described in detail; the main indications are presented from the classical ablative surgery, like total or partial nephrectomy, to more advanced reconstructive surgery, like pyeloplasty, retrocaval ureter, and stone disease. The success rate is similar to open surgery. However, the advanced laparoscopic skills needed for reconstructive surgery in children may limit its widespread application.