Individualizing antipsychotic drug therapy in schizophrenia: the promise of pharmacogenetics.

The first- and second-generation antipsychotic drugs have become mainstay drug treatment for schizophrenia. However, patients who receive antipsychotic drugs differ with respect to treatment response and drug-induced adverse events. The biological predictors of treatment response are being researched worldwide, with emphasis on molecular genetic predictors of treatment response. Because of the rapid and exciting developments in the field, we reviewed the recent studies of the molecular genetic basis of treatment response in schizophrenia. The accumulating data suggest that DNA information in the pathways for drug metabolism and drug target sites may be an important predictor of treatment response in schizophrenia. The data suggest that clinicians may soon be using a patient's genotype to decide initial choice of antipsychotic drug treatment in schizophrenia. The pharmacogenetics of schizophrenia can improve the prospects of individualized treatment and drug discovery. Pharmacogenetic investigations of schizophrenia susceptibility loci, and genes controlling drug target site receptors, drug-metabolizing enzymes, the blood-brain barrier systems, and epigenetic mechanisms could lead to a molecular classification of treatment response and adverse events of psychotropic drugs.