Functional characterization of the microbial community in geothermally heated marine sediments.

The microbial population of geothermally heated sediments in a shallow bay of Vulcano Island (Italy) was characterized with respect to metabolic activities and the putatively catalyzing hyperthermophiles. Site-specific anoxic culturing media, most of which were amended with combinations of electron donors (glucose or carboxylic acids) and acceptors (sulfate), were used for selective enrichment of metabolically defined subpopulations. The mostly archaeal chemoautotrophs produced formate at rates of 3.25 and 0.46 fmol cell(-1) day(-1) with and without sulfate, respectively. The glucose fermenting heterotrophs produced acetate (18 fmol cell(-1) day(-1)) and lactate (2.6 fmol cell(-1) day(-1)) and were identified as predominantly Thermus sp. and coccoid archaea. These archaeal cells also metabolized lactate (5.6 fmol cell(-1) day(-1)), but neither formate nor acetate. The heterotrophic culture enriched on formate/ acetate/propionate/sulfate utilized mainly formate (27 fmol cell(-1) day(-1)) and lactate (89-195 fmol cell(-1) day(-1)), and consumed sulfate (38-68 fmol cell(-1) day(-1)). These formate or lactate consuming sulfate reducers were dominated by Archaeoglobales (7% in situ) and unidentified Archaea. The in situ benthic community comprised 15% Crenarchaeota, a significant group only in the autotrophic cultures, and 3% Thermus sp., the putatively predominant group involved in fermentative metabolism. The role of Thermoccales (4% in situ) remained undisclosed in our experiments. This first comprehensive data set established plausible links between several groups of hyperthermophiles in shallow marine hydrothermal systems, their metabolic function within the benthic microbial community, and biogeochemical turnover rates.