Rhodotorula psychrophila sp. nov., Rhodotorula psychrophenolica sp. nov. and Rhodotorula glacialis sp. nov., novel psychrophilic basidiomycetous yeast species isolated from alpine environments.

Three novel psychrophilic species of the genus Rhodotorula are described. Rhodotorula psychrophila sp. nov. (type strain PB19(T)=CBS 10440(T)=DSM 18768(T)), Rhodotorula psychrophenolica sp. nov. (type strain AG21(T)=CBS 10438(T)=DSM 18767(T)) and Rhodotorula glacialis sp. nov. (type strain A19(T)=CBS 10436(T)=DSM 18766(T)) were isolated from soil collected from an alpine railway area, from mud in the thawing zone of a glacier foot and from glacier cryoconite, respectively. All three species have been assigned to the genus Rhodotorula on the basis of molecular sequence data and physiological and morphological properties. Rhodotorula psychrophila is not able to grow at temperatures above 15 degrees C. Rhodotorula psychrophenolica and Rhodotorula glacialis degrade high concentrations of phenol (up to 12.5 and 5 mM, respectively) as the sole carbon source at 10 degrees C. Sequence analyses of the 26S rDNA D1/D2 regions indicated that the novel species are phylogenetically related and belong to a clade that includes other psychrophilic yeasts.