Muscle strength in male athletes aged 70-81 years and a population sample.

Muscle strength characteristics of different muscle groups were studied in active male strength-trained (ST, n = 14), speed-trained (SP, n = 16), and endurance-trained (EN, n = 67) athletes aged between 70 and 81 years. A population sample of similar age (n = 42) served as a control group. The isometric forces for hand grip, arm flexion, knee extension, trunk extension, and trunk flexion were higher for the athletes than the controls and higher for the ST than EN group. The SP athletes showed higher values in knee extension and trunk flexion than the EN group. When the isometric muscle forces were related to lean body mass, significant differences still existed between the athletes and controls. However, the differences between the ST and EN groups disappeared. The elevation of the body's centre of gravity in the vertical jump was also higher for the athletes than the controls. The SP group performed better in the vertical jump than either the ST or EN group. The results showed that the athletes who trained not only for strength and speed but also for endurance had superior muscle function compared to the average male population of the same age. Although the strength and speed athletes generally showed the highest muscle strength in absolute terms, the endurance athletes also preserved excellent strength characteristics related to body mass.