Calculation of solvation interaction energies for protein adsorption on polymer surfaces.

Of the interactions that govern protein adsorption on polymer surfaces, solvation interactions (repulsive hydration and attractive hydrophobic interactions) are thought to be among the most important. The solvation interactions in protein adsorption, however, have not been dealt with in theoretical calculation of the adsorption energy owing to the difficulties in modelling such interactions. We have evaluated the solvation interaction energies using the fragment constant method of calculating the partition coefficients of amino acids. The fundamental assumption of this approach is that the partition coefficients of amino acids between water and organic solvent phases are related to the free energies of transfer from bulk water to the polymer surface. The X-ray crystallographic protein structures of lysozyme, trypsin, immunoglobulin Fab, and hemoglobin from the Brookhaven Protein Data Bank were used. The model polymer surfaces were polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) [poly(HEMA)], and poly(vinyl alcohol). All possible adsorption orientations of the proteins were simulated to study the effect of protein orientation on the solvation interactions. Protein adsorption on either hydrophobic or hydrophilic polymer surfaces was examined by considering the sum of solvation and other interaction energies. The results showed that the contribution of the solvation interaction to the total protein adsorption energy was significant. The average solvation interaction energy ranged from -259.1 to -74.1 kJ/mol for the four proteins on the hydrophobic polymer surfaces, such as polystyrene, polypropylene, and polyethylene. On the other hand, the average solvation interaction energies on hydrophilic surfaces such as poly(HEMA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) were larger than zero. This indicates that repulsive hydration interactions are in effect for protein adsorption on hydrophilic polymer surfaces. The total interaction energies of the proteins with hydrophobic surfaces were always lower than those with more hydrophilic surfaces. This trend is in agreement with the experimental observations in the literature. This study suggests that consideration of the solvation interaction energies is necessary for accurate calculation of the protein adsorption energies.