Processive phosphorylation: mechanism and biological importance.

Recent proteomic data indicate that a majority of the phosphorylated proteins in a eucaryotic cell contain multiple sites of phosphorylation. In many signaling events, a single kinase phosphorylates multiple sites on a target protein. Processive phosphorylation occurs when a protein kinase binds once to a substrate and phosphorylates all of the available sites before dissociating. In this review, we discuss examples of processive phosphorylation by serine/threonine kinases and tyrosine kinases. We describe current experimental approaches for distinguishing processive from non-processive phosphorylation. Finally, we contrast the biological situations that are suited to regulation by processive and non-processive phosphorylation.