Monolithic columns in high-performance liquid chromatography.

Monolithic media have been used for various niche applications in gas or liquid chromatography for a long time. Only recently did they acquire a major importance in high-performance column liquid chromatography (HPLC). The advent of monolithic silica standard- and narrow-bore columns and of several families of polymer-based monolithic columns has considerably changed the HPLC field, particularly in the area of narrow-bore columns. The origin of the concept, the differences between their characteristics and those of traditional packed columns, their advantages and drawbacks, the methods of preparation of monoliths of different forms, and the current status of the field are reviewed. The actual and potential performance of monolithic columns are compared with those of packed columns. Monolithic columns have considerable advantages, which makes them most useful in many applications of liquid chromatography. They are extremely permeable and offer a high efficiency that decreases slowly with increasing flow velocity.