Transplantation of preserved human amniotic membrane for bladder augmentation in rats.

Although gastrointestinal segments have been widely used for bladder reconstruction, they are not ideal because of the possible complications. Searches have therefore continued for an alternative material for augmentation. Here, we performed bladder augmentation in rats using human amniotic membrane (hAM). Morphologically, the hAM-augmented bladder revealed regeneration of urothelium, detrusor smooth muscle, and nerve fibers within 3 months post-operatively. In our functional evaluation of bladder strips, we compared hAM-augmented bladders with bladders augmented using small intestinal submucosa (SIS). For example, at 6 months post-operatively, contractions of the following size (as a percentage of the responses in the control-bladder group) were obtained in response to high potassium, carbachol, and electrical field stimulation, respectively: hAM 22% vs SIS 15%, hAM 15% vs SIS 7%, hAM 5.3% vs SIS 1.3% (no significant differences, hAM vs SIS). Both hAM- and SIS-augmented bladders displayed adequate capacity and compliance. The present results indicate that, for bladder augmentation, hAM can be used as a scaffold and is comparable in this respect with SIS. hAM can be more easily obtained than SIS and requires little preparation, and its use raises few ethical questions. Hence, hAM may represent a new therapeutic alternative for urological reconstructions.