Activity changes in monkey superior colliculus during saccade adaptation.

Saccades are eye movements that are used to foveate targets rapidly and accurately. Their amplitude must be adjusted continually, throughout life, to compensate for movement inaccuracies due to maturation, pathology, or aging. One possible locus for such saccade adaptation is the superior colliculus (SC), the relay for cortical commands to the premotor brain stem generator for saccades. However, previous stimulation and recording studies have disagreed as to whether saccade adaptation occurs up- or downstream of the SC. Therefore we have reexamined the behavior of SC burst neurons during saccade adaptation under conditions that were optimized to produce the biggest possible change in neuronal activity. We show that behavioral adaptation of saccade amplitude was associated with significant increases or decreases, in the number of spikes in the burst and/or changes in the shape of the movement field in 35 of 43 SC neurons tested. Of the 35, 29 had closed movement fields and 14 were classified indeterminate because the movement field could not be definitively diagnosed. Changes in the number of spikes occurred gradually during adaptation and resulted from correlated changes in burst lead and duration without consistent changes in peak burst rate. These data indicate that the great majority of SC neurons show a change in discharge in association with saccade amplitude adaptation. Based on these and previous results, we speculate that the site for saccade adaptation resides in the SC or that the SC is the final common pathway for adaptive changes that occur elsewhere in the saccade system.