High glucose induces IL-1beta expression in human monocytes: mechanistic insights.

Previously, IL-1beta secretion from Type 2 diabetic patients has been shown to be increased compared with controls. In this study, we aimed to delineate the mechanism of IL-1beta induction under high-glucose (HG) conditions in human monocytes. THP-1 cells cultured in normal glucose were treated with increasing concentrations of d-glucose (10-25 mM) for 6-72 h. IL-1beta and IL-1 receptor antagonist levels were measured by ELISA and Western blots, whereas mRNA was quantitated by RT-PCR. Specific inhibitors and small interfering RNAs of PKC, p38, ERK1/2, NF-kappaB, and NADPH oxidase were used to determine the mediators in parallel experiments under HG conditions. IL-1beta-secreted protein, cellular protein, and mRNA increase under HG conditions is time and dose dependent, with maximum increase at 15 mM (48 h; P < 0.05). IL-1 receptor antagonist release was time and dose dependent, similar to IL-1beta expression pattern; however, the molar ratio of IL-1beta to IL-1RA was increased. Data from inhibitor and small interfering RNA experiments indicate that IL-1beta release under HG is mediated by PKC-alpha, via phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, and ERK1/2 leading to NF-kappaB activation, resulting in increased mRNA and protein for IL-1beta. At the same time, it appears that NADPH oxidase via p47phox activates NF-kappaB, resulting in increased IL-1beta secretion. Data suggest that, under HG conditions, monocytes release significantly higher amounts of IL-1beta through multiple mechanisms, further compounding the disease progression. Targeting signaling pathways mediating IL-1beta release could result in the amelioration of inflammation and possibly diabetic vasculopathies.