OBJECTIVE: To assess associations between Parkinson disease (PD) and putatively protective factors-smoking, caffeine (coffee, tea, and soft drinks), and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen). DESIGN: Family-based case-control study. SETTING: Academic medical center clinic. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 356 case subjects and 317 family controls who self-reported environmental exposures. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Associations between PD and environmental measures (history, status, dosage, duration, and intensity) of smoking, coffee, caffeine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and non-aspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were examined using generalized estimating equations with an independent correlation matrix while controlling for age and sex. RESULTS: Individuals with PD were significantly less likely to report ever smoking (odds ratio = 0.56; 95% confidence interval, 0.41-0.78). Additional measures of smoking revealed significant inverse associations with PD (P<.05) and trends in odds ratios (P<.005). Increasing intensity of coffee drinking was inversely associated with PD (test for trend P = .05). Increasing dosage (trend P = .009) and intensity (trend P = .01) of total caffeine consumption were also inversely associated, with high dosage presenting a significant inverse association for PD (odds ratio = 0.58; 95% confidence interval, 0.34-0.99). There were no significant associations between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and PD. CONCLUSIONS: Inverse associations of smoking and caffeine were corroborated using families with PD, thus emphasizing smoking and caffeine as important covariates to consider in genetic studies of PD.
OBJECTIVE: To assess associations between Parkinson disease (PD) and putatively protective factors-smoking, caffeine (coffee, tea, and soft drinks), and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen). DESIGN: Family-based case-control study. SETTING: Academic medical center clinic. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 356 case subjects and 317 family controls who self-reported environmental exposures. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Associations between PD and environmental measures (history, status, dosage, duration, and intensity) of smoking, coffee, caffeine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and non-aspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were examined using generalized estimating equations with an independent correlation matrix while controlling for age and sex. RESULTS: Individuals with PD were significantly less likely to report ever smoking (odds ratio = 0.56; 95% confidence interval, 0.41-0.78). Additional measures of smoking revealed significant inverse associations with PD (P<.05) and trends in odds ratios (P<.005). Increasing intensity of coffee drinking was inversely associated with PD (test for trend P = .05). Increasing dosage (trend P = .009) and intensity (trend P = .01) of total caffeine consumption were also inversely associated, with high dosage presenting a significant inverse association for PD (odds ratio = 0.58; 95% confidence interval, 0.34-0.99). There were no significant associations between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and PD. CONCLUSIONS: Inverse associations of smoking and caffeine were corroborated using families with PD, thus emphasizing smoking and caffeine as important covariates to consider in genetic studies of PD.
Authors: Anna C Cummings; Stephen L Lee; Jacob L McCauley; Lan Jiang; Amy Crunk; Lynne L McFarland; Paul J Gallins; Denise Fuzzell; Clare Knebusch; Charles E Jackson; William K Scott; Margaret A Pericak-Vance; Jonathan L Haines Journal: Ann Hum Genet Date: 2011-05 Impact factor: 1.670
Authors: Eliseu Felippe dos Santos; Estela Natacha Brandt Busanello; Anelise Miglioranza; Angela Zanatta; Alethea Gatto Barchak; Carmen Regla Vargas; Jonas Saute; Charles Rosa; Maria Júlia Carrion; Daiane Camargo; André Dalbem; Jaderson Costa da Costa; Sandro René Pinto de Sousa Miguel; Carlos Roberto de Mello Rieder; Moacir Wajner Journal: Metab Brain Dis Date: 2009-03-18 Impact factor: 3.584