Natasha Nassar1, Carol Bower, Andrew Barker. 1. Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia. natashan@ichr.uwa.edu.au
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Hypospadias, a common birth defect, has shown widespread variation in reported rates and temporal trends across countries over the last 30 years. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and trends of hypospadias in an Australian population. DESIGN: Population-based study of all male infants born in Western Australia (WA) between 1980 and 2000 diagnosed with hypospadias and notified to the WA Birth Defects Registry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of hypospadias, birth outcome and association with other congenital anomalies, stratified by degree-of-severity. RESULTS: 1788 cases of hypospadias were registered in WA in 1980-2000 with an overall prevalence of 34.8 (95% confidence interval (CI): 33.2 to 36.4) cases per 10 000 births. The prevalence increased by 2.0% per annum (95% CI: 1.2% to 2.8%) from 27.9 in 1980 to 43.2 per 10 000 births in 2000 (p<0.001). Hypospadias was mild in 84% of cases, moderate-severe in 11% and unspecified in 5%, with the number of moderate-severe hypospadias almost doubling over time (p<0.01). There were 1465 (82%) cases of isolated hypospadias and 323 (18%) had co-existing anomalies. Infants with co-existing genital (relative risk (RR) 4.5; 95% CI: 3.3 to 6.1) or non-genital (RR 1.5; 95% CI: 1.0 to 2.2) anomalies were more likely to have moderate-severe hypospadias compared with isolated cases. CONCLUSION: Hypospadias affects one in 231 births and has been reported to have increased significantly over the last 20 years. Future investigation of the aetiology of hypospadias is important to identify potentially modifiable risk factors and ensure optimal male reproductive health in the future.
OBJECTIVES:Hypospadias, a common birth defect, has shown widespread variation in reported rates and temporal trends across countries over the last 30 years. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and trends of hypospadias in an Australian population. DESIGN: Population-based study of all male infants born in Western Australia (WA) between 1980 and 2000 diagnosed with hypospadias and notified to the WA Birth Defects Registry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of hypospadias, birth outcome and association with other congenital anomalies, stratified by degree-of-severity. RESULTS: 1788 cases of hypospadias were registered in WA in 1980-2000 with an overall prevalence of 34.8 (95% confidence interval (CI): 33.2 to 36.4) cases per 10 000 births. The prevalence increased by 2.0% per annum (95% CI: 1.2% to 2.8%) from 27.9 in 1980 to 43.2 per 10 000 births in 2000 (p<0.001). Hypospadias was mild in 84% of cases, moderate-severe in 11% and unspecified in 5%, with the number of moderate-severe hypospadias almost doubling over time (p<0.01). There were 1465 (82%) cases of isolated hypospadias and 323 (18%) had co-existing anomalies. Infants with co-existing genital (relative risk (RR) 4.5; 95% CI: 3.3 to 6.1) or non-genital (RR 1.5; 95% CI: 1.0 to 2.2) anomalies were more likely to have moderate-severe hypospadias compared with isolated cases. CONCLUSION:Hypospadias affects one in 231 births and has been reported to have increased significantly over the last 20 years. Future investigation of the aetiology of hypospadias is important to identify potentially modifiable risk factors and ensure optimal male reproductive health in the future.
Authors: Frank H Pierik; Alex Burdorf; J M Rien Nijman; Sabine M P F de Muinck Keizer-Schrama; R E Juttmann; Robertus F A Weber Journal: Hum Reprod Date: 2002-04 Impact factor: 6.918
Authors: Helen Klip; Janneke Verloop; Jan D van Gool; Marlies E T A Koster; Curt W Burger; Flora E van Leeuwen Journal: Lancet Date: 2002-03-30 Impact factor: 79.321
Authors: Suzan L Carmichael; Gary M Shaw; Verne Nelson; Steve Selvin; Claudine P Torfs; Cynthia J Curry Journal: Epidemiology Date: 2003-11 Impact factor: 4.822
Authors: Helen Dolk; Martine Vrijheid; John E S Scott; Marie-Claude Addor; Bev Botting; Catherine de Vigan; Hermien de Walle; Ester Garne; Maria Loane; Anna Pierini; Sixto Garcia-Minaur; Nigel Physick; Romano Tenconi; Awi Wiesel; Elisa Calzolari; David Stone Journal: Environ Health Perspect Date: 2004-03 Impact factor: 9.031
Authors: Romy van de Putte; Charlotte H W Wijers; Ivo de Blaauw; Wout F J Feitz; Carlo L M Marcelis; Marina Hakobjan; Cornelius E J Sloots; Yolande van Bever; Han G Brunner; Nel Roeleveld; Iris A L M van Rooij; Loes F M van der Zanden Journal: Eur J Pediatr Date: 2014-10-17 Impact factor: 3.183
Authors: Luke C Govers; Alesia P Harper; Bethany J Finger; Deidre M Mattiske; Andrew J Pask; Mark P Green Journal: J Dev Orig Health Dis Date: 2019-09-02 Impact factor: 2.401
Authors: Xiao Yu; Natasha Nassar; Pierpaolo Mastroiacovo; Mark Canfield; Boris Groisman; Eva Bermejo-Sánchez; Annukka Ritvanen; Sonja Kiuru-Kuhlefelt; Adriana Benavides; Antonin Sipek; Anna Pierini; Fabrizio Bianchi; Karin Källén; Miriam Gatt; Margery Morgan; David Tucker; M Aaurora Canessa; Rosa Gajardo; Osvaldo M Mutchinick; Elena Szabova; Melinda Csáky-Szunyogh; Giovanna Tagliabue; Janet D Cragan; Wendy N Nembhard; Anke Rissmann; Dorit Goetz; Carol Bower; Gareth Baynam; R Brian Lowry; Juan A Leon; Wei Luo; Jocelyn Rouleau; Ignacio Zarante; Nicolas Fernandez; Emmanuelle Amar; Saeed Dastgiri; Paolo Contiero; Laura E Martínez-de-Villarreal; Barry Borman; J E H Bergman; Hermien E K de Walle; Charlotte A Hobbs; Amy E Nance; A J Agopian Journal: Eur Urol Date: 2019-07-09 Impact factor: 20.096
Authors: Paolo Ghirri; Rosa T Scaramuzzo; Silvano Bertelloni; Daniela Pardi; Amerigo Celandroni; Guido Cocchi; Roberto Danieli; Luisa De Santis; Maria C Di Stefano; Orietta Gerola; Mario Giuffrè; Giuseppe S Gragnani; Cinzia Magnani; Cristiano Meossi; Ilaria Merusi; Giuseppe Sabatino; Stefano Tumini; Giovanni Corsello; Antonio Boldrini Journal: Ital J Pediatr Date: 2009-06-27 Impact factor: 2.638