Metabolic profiling of serum from gadolinium chloride-treated rats by 1H NMR spectroscopy.

Metabolic profiling of serum from gadolinium chloride (GdCl(3), 10 and 50 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneal [i.p.])-treated rats was investigated by the NMR spectroscopic-based metabonomic strategy. Serum samples were collected at 48, 96, and 168h postdose (p.d.) after exposure to GdCl(3). (1)H NMR spectra of serum were analyzed by pattern recognition using principal components analysis. The studies showed that there was a dose-related biochemical effect of GdCl(3) treatment on the levels of a range of low-molecular weight compounds in serum. The liver damage induced by GdCl(3) was characterized by the elevation of lactate, pyruvate, and creatine as well as the decrease of branched-chain amino acids (valine and isoleucine), alanine, glucose, and trimethylamine-N-oxide concentration in serum samples. The biochemical effects of GdCl(3) in rats could be consulted when evaluating the biochemical profile of gadolinium-containing compounds that are being developed for nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.